The arrival of 'Sanqiu', the corn in the Huanghuaihai area of China is ushered in. The corn harvested by the picking corn harvester is only a 'semi-finished product' and is also threshed. It is not a true mechanization in the true sense. It is suitable for corn growth. The developed countries of agriculture have already achieved large-scale corn grain direct harvesting, which not only reduces labor costs, but also improves operational efficiency. Li Shaokun, a researcher at the National Institute of Crop Sciences, China National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, said: 'The corn machinery of the past few years The loss caused by picking the ear and the mildew problem of the ear pile are more serious, and the direct grain harvesting can solve these problems well, and it saves the cost compared with the mechanical picking. 'Compared with the picking corn machine, the corn grain is directly collected. The advantages are obvious.
At present, in China, grain direct harvest is mainly concentrated in Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang and other places. For summer maize planting areas such as Henan, Hebei, Shandong, etc., the grain mechanization level is still very low. Although the country has been planting corn for the past two years. The area has been reduced. However, the Huanghuaihai area is still the main producing area of China's corn. Realizing grain direct harvesting in these places is the inevitable trend and direction for the future development of corn harvesting, and it is also the last mile of mechanization of corn production. However, in the case of summer-sowed corn in the Huang-Huai-Hai area, the promotion of grain harvesting is still subject to many factors. How to make these places out of the predicament of direct harvesting of corn kernels, 'good seed + good machine' double sword combination or 'good side' .
Breeding varieties suitable for direct grain harvesting is key
To achieve corn grain harvesting, it is the key to select the varieties. The Huanghuaihai area is a two-year cropping system. The corn is planted in May-June, harvested in September-October, the corn growth time is shorter, and the corn grain needs to be met directly. One condition: First, the water content of the grain is less than 25%; the second is strict requirements on the lodging resistance; the third is the type of corn, planting density, etc., the requirements of different regions are different, the key is that the dehydration of the grain is not fast. The requirements for the selection of maize varieties are very strict. Yan Pingya, a researcher at the Crop Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, who has been working on corn seed collection in China for many years, pointed out that the high water content of corn kernels is the main constraint factor for grain harvesting. The grain corn variety has been fired very hot, and even become a big selling point, but the actual effect is still open to question.
'Cultivating early maturity, fast dehydration rate is the main way to solve the high rate of breakage.' Li Shaokun said, 'Statistics show that the average grain moisture content of corn harvested in China is 30%, and the grain moisture content and breakage rate are extremely Significantly positive correlation, high water is the main cause of high breakage rate. Since the 1980s, China's corn breeding target mainly focuses on high yield. Under the traditional artificial harvest background, high-stalk rare-planted large ears are adopted, and long-term varieties have high yield. The breeding route, combined with the complexity of dehydration traits, therefore, the related research and material innovation progress is slow. At present, in many corn producing areas in China, the grain moisture content during harvest is usually 30%-40%, and the phenomenon of live stalk maturity is still It is more common to achieve direct mechanical grain harvesting, and also cause mildew in the process of drying and drying, which affects the commercial quality of corn. Therefore, the grain moisture content of corn has become an important economic trait during harvesting. Cultivating early maturity, grain dehydration is fast, harvesting Varieties with low grain water content should be the premise for promoting grain harvesting technology in all producing areas.
On September 15 this year, a corn breeding and demonstration project in Xinxiang City, Henan Province, was on-site to observe the corn seed harvesting varieties suitable for the two corn-growing areas. According to Chen Yanhui, a professor at Henan Agricultural University, the key to the new varieties of corn displayed at the demonstration was to produce green high-quality and high-efficiency, suitable for social needs, and to lead and promote the transformation and upgrading of Henan and even the national corn industry and its supporting technologies. Through a series of projects, our team not only selected high-yield and stable corn varieties, but also closely followed the needs of economic and social development, highlighting high-quality green, wide adaptability, strong resistance, suitable for grain harvesting, etc. In the case of frequent occurrences, it has withstood severe tests. In particular, the 'Yuzan 9953' variety has passed the new type of suitable grain machine harvested by the State and Henan Province, which not only realizes the suitable varieties of corn grain machine. A major breakthrough, and created a high-yield record of 949.48 kg per mu per mu of 15 mu of corn kernels harvested in the Huang-Huai-Hai area. These new products The promotion will play an important role in the transformation and upgrading of China's corn production methods, improving quality and efficiency, achieving corn grain harvesting as easy and fast as wheat harvest, improving production efficiency, reducing labor intensity, and promoting the rapid development of China's corn industry. Serving national food security. ' Chen Yanhui said.
In recent years, there have been many teams in China that are suitable for the direct collection of corn kernels. These teams did not end up developing a few new corn varieties, but started from deep-seated problems and promoted the innovation of corn germplasm resources. Sexual progress.
Applicable harvesting machinery needs to be broken
Different harvesting machines and their operation results are important reasons for the difference in grain breakage rate. Relevant research shows that different types of harvesters, different drum speeds, concave plate gaps, vibrating mesh holes and clearing fan winds and other mechanical parameters will lead to different The breaking rate, even for the same type of harvester, will result in different breaking rates due to different parameters such as the gap setting of different machines. In the past two years, some manufacturers have transformed the wheat into corn kernels after the mechanical transformation. Harvesters often result in higher rates of corn kernel damage. Therefore, for mechanization of corn, the development of standardized harvesters is also a must.
Zhang Dongxing, a professor of the National Maize Industry Technology System and a director of the Mechanization Research Office, Professor of the College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, said that in the next 3-5 years, it will be a big development period for domestic grain harvesters, and agricultural machinery enterprises should seize this opportunity. In the northeastern and northwestern corn producing areas, foreign grain harvesters can be used. Due to the high moisture content of corn in Huanghuaihai area, there is no particularly suitable grain direct harvesting type. Domestic agricultural machinery enterprises should aim at Huanghuaihai area. It is best to produce a universal harvester. After changing the header, corn and wheat can be harvested.
It is undeniable that the existing corn planting model in some agricultural developed countries is worth learning. In particular, the agricultural machinery and equipment in the corn industry chain is the direction of China's agricultural machinery industry. From the development history of corn harvesters in agricultural developed countries, it can be seen that The ear type corn harvester is the 'transition product' of the corn harvesting section, and the grain direct harvesting corn harvester is the best model for corn harvesting.
According to experts' prediction, the timing of the widespread use of the grain harvesting corn harvester is about to mature. On the one hand, due to the reduction of rural labor, people urgently need the whole process of mechanization to save time and labor; on the other hand, in recent years, in corn At the same time as the grain harvester continues to mature, the rapid development of the grain dryer market and the rapid spread of drying machinery have also accelerated the progress of corn grain harvest development. There are new varieties of corn suitable for direct grain harvesting, in direct corn harvesting. After the grain, it must be dried as soon as possible, otherwise it will be mildewed and become waste without any use. In recent years, all parts of China have been subsidizing the purchase of grain dryers, and the annual sales volume of grain dryers is Increase, the amount of possession is rising. It is understood that the call for subsidies for grain drying operations is also rising, so that farmers will have dryers available and affordable.
Many corn harvesting machine manufacturers in China have also developed and promoted grain harvesting corn harvesters, which have been made available with 'machines'. However, the specific effects of harvesting machines are not the same. It is understood that the mechanical harvesting process The rotation speed of the drum is the most important mechanical cause of grain breakage. The shape, size and quantity of the threshing elements on the drum are different in the way of arrangement on the drum, and the impact on the ear grain during the threshing process is not Similarly, different crushing rates will occur. In addition, the amount of feed in the harvest, whether the feed is uniform, and the way the ear enters will affect the breakage rate of the grain.
However, in recent years, China's agricultural machinery manufacturers have made breakthroughs in the research of corn grain harvester technology. For example, in this year's 'Sanqiu', the GK120 and GM80 grain harvesters launched by Revo Valley God are in the corn field in Shandong. It is understood that these two machines can complete corn picking, peeling, threshing and other processes at one time, with high work efficiency, good threshing and cleaning performance, low grain breakage rate, and are welcomed by local farmers.
In the future, in the process of direct development of corn kernels, it is necessary not only to select suitable machinery, but also to strengthen the operation training of the harvester drivers. Before harvesting, the machine can be based on the variety of the land, growth, grain moisture, etc. The condition adjusts the mechanical operation parameters in time, sets the appropriate harvesting speed during harvesting, and minimizes the crushing of the grain under the premise of ensuring the efficiency of the mechanical operation.