Prof. Xue first started with the mystery of the quantum world. He mentioned that the appearance of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 gave humans more eyes to observe the microscopic world and was able to observe matter for the first time at the atomic level.
Professor Xue spoke in his speech about his experience in winning scholarship research. There is no use for basic research asked by everyone. He laughed and said that in terms of the Quantum Unusual Hall Effect research he did, the resistance benchmark is very important in China. In China, 1% of the power calculation error, can reach 10 billion yuan in error, but through the quantum resistance, does not change with time and place, can reduce the error very much.
Finally, Professor Xue shows that quantum technology can play an important role in quantum communications, quantum computing, and quantum precision measurement in the future. It will focus on information security, high-performance computing, artificial intelligence, ultra-high-speed ultra-low-power electronic circuits, and military targets. Detection, material simulation and other fields have a major impact, which may cause revolution in subversive technology. (River Rain)
The following is the full text of the speech:
Xue Qikun:
Thank you all, Leaders, Ladies and gentlemen, good afternoon!
First of all, I am very grateful to the future forum for inviting me to come to China for reporting reforms and opening up in China after 40 years of reform and opening up. I am also very honored to receive the inaugural Future Science Award, and shared entrepreneurs and investors with Mr. Lu Xiaoming. The love and concern for our scientists. I also saw the entrepreneurs and people in the industry who were full of passion for science from the speeches of the microphones. Here I represent all scientists, and to our entrepreneurs, investors and financiers. Regards, Thank you!
My major is quantum physics. I'm focusing on the quantum behavior in electronic devices. Today, I used this report to let everyone have a look at the tremendous power of science. Why basic research, as the mics had just expected, would cause so much for human society. The change and progress of science, where is the power of science? I want to give a simple introduction to the audience from a very simple science-like report.
Everybody I am very familiar with today is talking about units of length. One meter is probably the height of a primary school student. Everyone has the impression. One meter is equal to 1000 millimeters. Everyone knows. 1 millimeter equals 1000 micrometers, 1 Micrometer is equal to 1000 nanometers, so 1 meter is equal to 1000 x 1000 x 1000 nanometers, which is 10 9-square nanometers. This may be well understood by junior high school students. So the question I want to ask now is, what standard do we use to measure 1 nanometer? We have a ruler for the measurement of rice. Where is our ruler for nanometer?
1 nanometer is very small, we know that carbon atoms, carbon, 5 carbon atoms lined up side by side, the length is 1 nanometer, 1 nanometer, or nanometer objective technology to measure it, to characterize it? Wait until the nanometer world, this It is a question that scientists must answer.
So how to accurately measure the length of 1 nanometer, how much your error, determines your mastery of nanotechnology, this is a very basic question.
Then when it comes to nanometers, the quantum effect that we are concerned with will play a huge role. I am concerned about the behavior of electrons. This is an ordinary circuit that may be seen in your R&D institution every day. There is a wire. After the current passes, it is to be tested. Such a device, as you can see, this is an electrode, a wire, I connect it up and put the battery, if the two are not in contact, our children may know that this There is no current flow between them. This is called a circuit break.
Next, I change the distance between the two electrodes, but do not touch, how short is it? When it is as short as 1 nanometer, you will find that something has changed. At this time, current will flow on your ammeter. However, the device itself is still open circuit, which means that at this point the idea will move from one electrode to the other, across a space of 1 nanometer, it will reach another place, form a loop, and form a current, which is a special feature of the nanometer world. The beautiful and interesting places are also very famous quantum fly-throughs in our quantum mechanics. This is a nano phenomenon that occurs in the nanometer world.
Scientists continue to study such a very simple device, which has extremely great power. Through measurement, it is found that when your gap changes by one-hundredth of a nanometer, the measuring current will change by an order of magnitude. Let us recall the question I asked just now. You have discovered that quantum fly-through provides a way to accurately measure the length. When I change the percentage by one nanometer, the current changes by one magnitude, and the change in current by one hundredth of nanometer changes. This does not provide a very The precise nanometer ruler is simple and simple, but it is very simple, but it involves very profound quantum physics. Why does the electrode fly from the electrode to another electrode like no obstacle? This is very basic for our research. Phenomenon, called quantum flying through (sound).
In this way, we can observe the eyes of the world with different instruments. For example, this electrode is in the bathroom. The electrode is in this room. Now scans, when I sweep this place, the place in front of the microphone, if there is one less The atom, the terrain is a little bit lower, the distance changes, the current is big, and when I finish sweeping this room, I can know the change in the terrain of the room on the nanometer scale, what is the morphology, and the longest atomic scale Like this, this is the scanning tunneling microscope. This phenomenon was discovered in 1981. It won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1986. This is a picture that is often seen. It is not only possible to observe the change of the terrain on the nanometer scale, but also to use this needlepoint image. Like chopsticks, push the atom to push it out and put it into a word. The picture on the left is IBM's word with 35 atoms on a flat plate of copper. This is the smallest character in the world, which shows that the quantum Phenomenological research, although it looks very simple, brings technological progress to the human society. It's very great. This is what I'm trying to answer just now. It is important that science is carried out, and scientific discovery is also very important.
This is what I used to look at a material in my laboratory with a scanning tunneling microscope. We can clearly see that every atom is arranged very neatly, and can accurately measure the distance between two atoms. If there is an atom missing in this place, One atom less, this material is defective, I will accurately judge and measure.
Let's talk about time, one second is equal to 1000 milliseconds, 1 millisecond is equal to 1000 microseconds, and one microsecond is equal to 1000 nanoseconds. This formula will be backed by everyone. Another question is how do we measure a nanosecond? We measure the accuracy of a nanosecond. What is it? This is in front of the scientists. Is this a very simple measurement. Isn't it measuring time?
When we arrived in the nanoworld, what was the standard of our clock when you were in the subtle world? You may be as early as a millisecond to invest in stocks. When you invest money, you may make a lot of money. So you have mastered the time measurement. You may be In a world where every second counts, it will be an opportunity, so the measurement of time is also very important.
The measurement of time has changed dramatically over the past few hundred years. Our Chinese are very smart. What were our previous measurement times? Relying on the hourglass, on the day-to-date track, everyone knows that the orbit of the moon is measured by the sun on the track. The projection, measuring what time of day you are in. Later we invented the hourglass, but the hourglass measures the accuracy of time. It may be ten minutes or twenty minutes a day.
After a few years, we made watches again. The clocks lasted for about a year like a pendulum clock. The previous pendulum clock was one year a second. Later we invented the electronic watch, the quartz clock. It may be only one second in 100 years. Now it is time. In the 1960s, quantum technology emerged. After quantum technology emerged, we could make a time measurement of 300,000 years by 1 second.
In the recent past, it has already reached 5 billion years by 1 second. You know our age of the earth and the sun, our universe is in the middle age, about 4.5 billion years old. In the age of the entire universe, we are now scientists Time measurement, which can measure time to a level of only one second, leads to scientific discoveries and, more importantly, to technological and human progress. For example, in the 1960s, we measured the accuracy of time. When the error of 300,000 years is measured in 1 second, it is the clock that we use in our GDP positioning system.
If you do a clock that is only 1 second apart for 5 billion years, then if you do global positioning, I can measure it by half a millimeter because we all know that positioning is based on the measurement of distance and the distance is used for positioning because the light is If 5 billion years only measure the accuracy of 1 second, you can imagine that I can reach a level almost unimaginable for distance measurement, so I can position it. This is scientific discovery. Quantum technology gives us humanity. The great convenience that life brings is a very good example of this.
Of course, there are still many of them. Today, because of the limited time, I will not talk about it. I will talk about a result that I won. The result of my winning can briefly recall two important scientific discoveries at the end of the 19th century. One was at Hob A doctoral student in a physics department at Kings University discovered a magnetic field effect. The Hall speed detector we use now is the hall sensor. The Hall effect also has an abnormal hall effect. Important scientific discoveries are very widely used and there is no time for specific introductions today. By 1980, 100 years after the discovery, a German scientist discovered the integer quantum Hall effect, which is the integer quantum, in our transistor silicon conditions. The hall effect of the Hall, five years later he won the Nobel Prize in physics, which is a tremendous advance in science.
After two years in 1982, three physicists, including Chinese physicist Cui Qi, conducted further experiments on luminescent materials and discovered the Quantum Hall effect of molecularization. They obtained the promise in 1998. Bell Physics Prize.
Returning to this century's graphene, as we all know, many people are familiar with graphene. Among the graphene materials, two Russian-English physicists won the physics prize.
In 2016, there were three theoretical physicists who established the theory discovered by experimental physicists and won the Nobel Prize in physics again, but in any case a quantum version of the Hall effect.
Here's an anomalous Hall effect. Does it require a magnetic field? Is there a quantum version of it? This was the team I led in 2013. I discovered the anomalous Hall effect in the quantum version. I don't need a magnetic field. Because of this achievement, I got The one million US dollars that our famous entrepreneurs gave me. No matter how there are four Hall effects that need magnetic fields, they won the Nobel Prize.
This is a picture of the Future Science Awards. This is a group of four very passionate science entrepreneurs. They respectively fund different prizes. Next to these two are the first to discover the Quantum Hall effect. This is a very valuable one. Very much liked photos.
Asked again, what's the use? I'll say to find a simple, unit measurement. Everybody knows electricity. We find it very difficult to find a resistance reference. Especially when it's very, very accurate, this benchmark is very important, if the benchmark is not accurate. Our electricity meters are inaccurate. If we measure 1% of the electric energy in China, we will incur a one-million yuan error. If any one of you is making money, you don’t know if you pay the white money. This standard is not known, so he can Easily put your money into your pocket from your pocket. We use quantum resistance as the standard for resistance.
Why? We found that measuring this resistance is equal to a positive number multiplied by h divided by e squared. h is a constant of physics. It is the same as light rent. e is the electrical quantity of an electron band. Scientists think that after 100 years The power of the electronic band is constant, so it is characterized by a physical constant, and it is very accurate. How large is the value? If you measure 25812807449, we can use quantized signals to define this value, so use it as a resistor standard to be precise. Is this a simple application example of my discovery. Can it be used in the future? It is likely to be used.
Quantum technology in the future everyone knows that there are quantum communications. We are engaged in such things as domestic fire. Of course, more quantum computing is done because we are dealing with electronics. There are many electronic devices, so we can use quantum technology in electronic devices. A lot of new things may lead to new technological advances. It may lead to many high-tech companies. Of course, there is a wider range of precision measurement. As long as you measure the amount of physics, its accuracy is improved by one order of magnitude. This leads to the emergence of a new industry. So it will have very important significance for information security, high performance computing, artificial intelligence, ultra-high energy consumption, and integrated circuits.
To give an example, we all know that submarines, we all know the aircraft carrier, and the submarine is underwater. It is made of iron and produces a magnetic signal. The magnetic signal is very weak to the people on the plane. But with quantum technology, I can easily see the submarine, the weak signal generated by this magnet, and I can accurately conduct anti-submarine warfare. This is very important for military and national defense.
All in all, this is the simplest technology I always talk about. Quantum technology is a field full of expectations and full of great potential for industrial technology development. I hope that the entrepreneurs, media friends, and government officials present here are concerned about this field. Thank you!