In April, in the Manas County of Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, north of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, the mountains were still bleak. However, in a cotton field in the town of Letouji, it was a lively scene.
I saw a tractor pulling a combined machine to work. After the machine passed, the straw in the cotton field was intercepted and cut off. At the same time, a piece of white agricultural film left in the field disappeared. The original film was already covered. Hanging on the stripping board of the joint work machine.
'This machine, the film is its expertise, you can smash 15 acres in an hour. 'From the driver's cab, the company's technical staff king God said.
Why do the farmers and experts present praise the performance of the machine? Faced with the long-term accumulation of soil, dirt and impurities, and a layer of agricultural film that has been compacted and accumulated, this machine, which is not so attractive, can be mechanized. Do you solve the problem of 'white pollution' in farmland quickly and efficiently?
The collection and disposal of used agricultural film has become a top priority
'Residual agricultural film pollution has reached a point where no cure is available, and it can't be done.' Zhao Tuqiang, vice president of the Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, said, 'According to our investigation in Shihezi of the Eighth Division last year There are more than 40 kilograms in 27.1 kilograms. There are also 3 kilograms of membranes per year. The contamination of soil with more than 20 kilograms of residual film can be imagined.
'Plastic film' is an abbreviation of agricultural plastic film. Agricultural film not only shortens the growing time of crops, changes the growing season of crops, but also provides new storage or circulation methods for livestock feed and agricultural products. Its use was once called agricultural technology. A 'white revolution' of the past. With the continuous expansion of the application of agricultural film, the scope of its use has grown from the initial early rice, vegetables, peanuts and cotton seedlings, to a variety of fields. It is reported that in 2015, the total use of agricultural film in China The amount has reached more than 2.6 million tons, of which the amount of plastic film is 1.45 million tons, and the area and amount of coverage have ranked first in the world. In the arid, semi-arid agricultural region where the precipitation in Xinjiang is less than 400 mm this year, the agricultural film is mainly used to prevent drought and Increase the temperature.
However, the 'white revolution' has also brought with it white pollution. The Ministry of Agriculture's data shows that in 2017, the national agricultural film recycling rate was less than two-thirds. After the agricultural film was used up, it was not cleaned up in time and remained in the fields. The old agricultural film does not dissolve, does not rot, and it takes 200 to 400 years to decompose. For many years, the residual film was not recycled, mixed with the soil, and formed a gas-tight, non-returned, hardened layer in the 30 cm soil layer on the surface of cultivated land. The soil structure hinders the transport of water, nutrients, and the growth of plant roots, and is not conducive to the emergence of crops. Some trials in the grain-producing regions show that 10% of the agricultural film fragments per hectare remain in the wheat fields that have been used continuously for over 2 years. The wheat yield is reduced by about 9%. For five years of continuous use in wheat fields, the residual agricultural film fragments per hectare can reach 375 kg and the yield of wheat is reduced by 26%. The research report of the Soil Fertilizer and Agricultural Water Saving Institute of the Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences shows that the seeds are sowed in The rate of rotting buds on the residual film reached 5.17%. The average film coverage increased the yield of cotton by 16%, while the residual film in the cotton field after 20 years of coating reduced the yield of cotton by 12%. The increase in output was almost offset by residual film damage and plastic film costs. Not only , Plastic film abandoned in the fields, will also affect the village appearance, bring visual pollution.
'Now there are agricultural films that can be degraded, but the cost is relatively high, and the degradation will take some time, so it can't solve the problem of the impact on the root system of crops that year. ' The staff of Keshen Company revealed to reporters. If it is used for incineration, it will be landfilled. What is the method? Some studies have pointed out that although incineration is the easiest way to dispose of used plastic films, the combustion of plastics will generate a large amount of carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, dioxins and other toxic substances, which will cause secondary pollution, and the high temperature will make the incinerator easy. Damage, high maintenance costs; if you use the landfill method, it takes a lot of land. Therefore, the collection and disposal of waste agricultural film has become a top priority.
Mechanical upgrade, remove residual film and achieve remarkable results
In order to curb the white pollution of farmland, Xinjiang has formulated the work goal of “containing increases, reducing stocks, controlling the ground, and excavating the underground”, strengthening the awareness of ecological environmental protection, and making efforts to break through the bottleneck problem of comprehensive management of farmland residual film.
In 2017, the Ministry of Agriculture proposed the 'Five Actions for Agricultural Green Development', one of which was the recovery of agricultural film focusing on the northwest, and put forward the Action Plan for Agricultural Membrane Recycling, stating that construction would be started in Gansu, Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia. 100 agricultural film treatment demonstration counties, through 2 to 3 years, realize the comprehensive promotion and application of thickened agricultural film in the demonstration counties. The recovery and processing system was basically established. The seasonal agricultural film recovery rate reached over 80%, and it was the first to achieve the basic resources of agricultural film. By 2020, the nationwide agricultural film recycling network will continue to be improved, and the level of resource utilization will continue to increase. The recycling rate of agricultural film will reach over 80%, and 'white pollution' will be effectively controlled.
It is worth noting that the “Proposal” proposes that in certain regions, agricultural film recycling should be used as an integral part of the mechanization of production, promote the establishment of professional organizations for agricultural film recycling operations, and fully promote mechanized recycling. Strengthen research and development of agricultural film recycling equipment. Technology integration, to promote the formation of a comprehensive solution to the regional mechanized membrane picking.
'National and local governments have taken many measures to solve the problem of soil non-point source pollution. Keshen Company is a relatively large agricultural machinery and equipment company in Xinjiang. It has a long history of research on residual film recycling machines and has strong technical strength. More than a dozen models of new residual film recycling machines have been developed. According to the actual situation, Keshen has introduced a second-generation machine that has been upgraded and upgraded, and has carried out large-scale recycling operations in southern Xinjiang, which has achieved very good results. Up to 90%. The application of this machine has played a very good role. ' Zhao Tuqiang said.
The full name of this 'big guy' is called 'Residual film recovery and straw back to the field'. It uses a spring-and-rubber chain-type residual film picking structure, and a side membrane recovery device is installed to realize the picking up of the agricultural film. The long-distance joint operation with the straw smashing and returning to the field can continuously work 10 mu at a time and can work about 15 mu per hour, and the residual film recovery rate can reach more than 85%. Moreover, the straw can be removed and dropped on the membrane surface at the same time. On the blade and debris, picking chain is also equipped with a hybrid auger, recycling the residual film is relatively clean, for the subsequent processing, the use of the creation of good conditions.
'This machine's operation with rods and cassocks is a time-saving and labor-saving process compared to that of decidual films. The membranes inside the ground are also very clean.' said Lin Jianxin, a farmer with 150 regiments and eighteen divisions.' This film recycling prototype was tested in southern Xinjiang several years ago. It has been used for more than 20 thousand days and 5,000 mu. I have been watching this field for two days recently and I am very satisfied.
Improve details, farmers use more peace of mind
It is worth noting that Keshen’s technological innovation achievements are not based on the “closed doors” of the laboratory. Instead, they continuously integrate farmer's opinions in the actual promotion and application of farmland, improve performance, improve experience, and achieve a success step by step. The effect of the demonstration. Lin Jianxin said: 'Last year's model was affected by the operating climate, operating environment and 24-hour long-term operation, especially at night. If the machine operator does not clean the film timely, problems will often arise. In response to the machine's problems, I discussed with some of the group's mechanics and Keshen's technicians. Keshen finally came up with a plan for upgrading.
Cao Yulin, deputy general manager of Keshen Co., Ltd., said: 'In 2017, when we introduced this model, we received the care and support of leaders and distributors at all levels and friends of users, and promoted and applied them in the north and south of China. Yu Tai. After a period of operation, the machine tool exposed some unforeseen problems, especially the deformation of the mounting bracket of the spring tooth and the breakage of the picking chain, which caused great troubles and losses to the users. Therefore, after expressing his apology to the farmers, Cao Yulin promised, 'We will serve the God's products in the end, responsible for the end, in 2017 the equipment sold will provide free upgrade service.'
'Now we are seeing second-generation models that have made important improvements to the problems exposed by the first-generation models. For example, optimising the structure of the picking chain, changing the curved chain to straight chain, and strengthening the chain. The structure and process of the spring tooth have been optimized and the spring mounting tube has been strengthened. The straw slicing blade has been optimized and the service life has been improved. The second generation model has completed the production evaluation three years ago in the Corps. With an area of 5070 mu, without replacement of pellicle springs and smashing blades, the chain has not broken once. Therefore, we guarantee that the second-generation products launched this year will surely work more, work better, and be more useful. Heart. ' Cao Yulin said.
Long-term governance requires all parties to work together to promote
With the removal of mechanical machinery, it does not mean that the problem of agricultural film can be solved once and for all. Zhao Tuqiang said that only through the cooperation of agricultural film materials, agricultural machinery, and agronomy can the final disease of farmland white pollution be removed. And this depends on the coordination and cooperation between the agricultural machinery enterprises, farmers, the government, and all parties in society.
Farmers using agricultural film must perform their own ecological responsibility. 'If you use a plastic sheet of 0.008 mm, then advanced machinery can't be harvested. ' Zhao Tuqiang admitted frankly that farmers used the thickness of agricultural film in the field to clean up the recycling. The key point is the “Agricultural Membrane Recovery Action Plan” pointed out that to promote the standardization of agricultural film products and promote the promulgation and implementation of new national standards for agricultural film, the agricultural film thickness standard should be increased from 0.008mm to 0.01mm, increase the tensile strength, elongation at break. , From the source to ensure the recyclability of the agricultural film. All localities must promote the introduction of agricultural film local standards, and promote the application of thickening plastic film above 0.01 mm. This will be more environmentally friendly, and it is also conducive to mechanical operations.
In addition, Zhao Tuqiang believes that agronomic cooperation is also needed. 'Not only do we have to use standard films on the material, but also change our cultivation mode. The common machine picking pattern is 66 cm planting width plus 10 cm spacing, and this The gap of 10 centimeters restricts the operation of film removal. Last year, the promotion of 76 centimeters and other row spacing was conducted in the Eighth Division. The results showed that the cotton was high in yield, high quality, and premature, so it was necessary to have agronomic cooperation.
Secondly, the promotion of agricultural machinery and recycling of waste film also requires the government’s cooperation in terms of policies and funding. Wang Chenting, Deputy Magistrate of Manasi County, stated that in 2013, Manas County was listed as a demonstration county for farmland residual film pollution control projects in Xinjiang. , started around the goal of developing high-yield, high-quality, high-efficiency, and ecological agriculture, starting with the use of agricultural film, recycling, and reuse, establishing enterprise-led, farmer participation, marketization recommendation, financial subsidies, and county and township government supervision The farmland residual film pollution comprehensive management mechanism. For farmers do not understand the problem of residual film recycling models, 'We have arranged a residual film recycling demonstration point in each rural township, on-site test demonstration of various types of residual film recycling machines, For farmers to choose to use, and adopt subsidy policies at all levels to encourage farmers to purchase film recycling machines.
Where does the residual film from the machinery come back? How should we deal with it? The "plan" also pointed out that we must promote the specialization of agricultural film recycling, study and formulate tax policies for the use of plastic film recycling, electricity, and other supporting policies to support the recycling of agricultural film. The social service organizations and enterprises have promoted the formation of a recycling processing system. Leading new planters, farmers cooperatives, leading enterprises and other new business entities to implement agricultural film recycling, promote the linkage of agricultural film recycling and agricultural film use costs, and promote cleaner agricultural production.
Wang Chenting said: 'This year, we have implemented the unified supply of membranes by the enterprises responsible for the National Cleaner Production Demonstration Project, unified membranes, unified membrane collection, and truly achieved 'whoever pollutes, who govern, who benefits, and who govern'. The change in responsibilities is borne by the company to realize the recycling of residual film in 'one-stop' services and to ensure significant results.
Asked about the cost burden of the residual film recycling machine, Lin Jianxin admitted frankly: 'Right now the eight divisions each group routinely hit the rods, film, film clearance fee is about 30 yuan, of which the rod cost per mu is about 12 yuan, film costs At around RMB 8, the cost of cleaning the remaining film was around RMB 10; the cost of the tractor driver for farm machinery, the cost of materials, and other expenses were not counted. In the normal operation of the equipment season, the country’s subsidy of RMB 25,000 was removed. It took 2 years to recover the cost. Let the workers have enthusiasm for the recycling of residual film, and at the same time increase the enthusiasm of the farmers, they should raise the operating standards. I heard that there are subsidies for about 40 yuan per mu in the divisions of southern Xinjiang, and the local key demonstration counties operate. The subsidy of 50 yuan, as well as subsidies for the purchase of machinery, will undoubtedly greatly enhance the enthusiasm of farmers and workers in using residual film recycling machines.
Speaking of the prospect of recycling of residual film, Cao Yulin is optimistic: 'I believe that under the care and support of the relevant departments, leaders and friends, the production, education, research and push will be closely integrated. This state-of-the-art green machinery for residual film recycling machinery will be promoted. The equipment must be capable of rapid development and application, and it must also be able to effectively support the sustainable development of agriculture in Xinjiang.