Spring comes back to the earth and all things are revived. Spring agricultural production is starting from south to north. Early rice production in southern China is in the period of spring ploughing and cultivation, and it will enter the stage of seedling transplanting. In order to promote full mechanization, we need one crop and one crop to catch one area. In order to make up for shortages of early rice machines and improve the overall level of mechanization technology for early rice production, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Agriculture is now in full service. The appendix of the “Guiding Opinions on the Full-Range Mechanization of Early Rice Production (Trial)” issued by the steering group of mechanization and promotion experts is as follows, for reference when developing technical guidance in various regions.
Early Rice Production Mechanization Technical Guidance Opinion (Trial)
This guideline is formulated in response to the production characteristics of the main producing areas of early rice in southern China. It aims to strengthen the integration of agronomy and agronomy and improve the level of early rice production mechanization. All localities should formulate and improve the corresponding early rice production mechanization techniques in accordance with the guidelines and promote the development of early rice. Full production of mechanized technology for healthy development.
First, mechanical tillage
The quality of pre-tillage cultivator for early rice cultivation needs to be 'flat, clean, finely crushed, and submerged'. The tillage depth is uniform, the field is flat, and the height of the field is not more than 3cm; the field surface is clean, there is no debris, weeds and other debris The soil is crushed under the ground, and it is rotted and rotted; the mud on the mud surface reaches a clear muddy water, the muddy water does not come out of the mud, and it sinks without being hardened.
In order to improve soil fertility, green manure in winter free field is encouraged to select green manure varieties suitable for local soil and climatic conditions and match the cultivation of early rice, such as milk vetch, leguminous crops, etc. Green manure return is generally performed during the period from green bud to full bloom. Pressure to ensure that 15 to 20 days before the start of the early rice planting period, the green manure decomposing time, can use rotary plough mower to turn over the green operation, the pressure depth is generally 10 ~ 20cm. If the soil is dry when the green manure returns, before the pressure Should be properly irrigated, or soaked in rain; for acid soils, appropriate amount of lime can be applied during overturning to neutralize green manure and acidity produced by soil fermentation.
Winter slender fields should be harvested after harvesting of upper crops. Winter should be applied in areas where conditions permit. Winter or dry farming should be implemented in winter-turning fields, and straw should be returned to farms. Large and medium-powered tractors can be used to increase the depth of cultivation. Rotary cultivator or hoe hoe ploughing, generally plough tillage depth 18~22cm, rotary tillage depth 12~16cm.
About 1 week before the transplanting of the early rice, the whole field is encouraged to promote dry or wet tillage, the plowing depth is 12~18cm, the rotary tillage depth is 10~15cm, and the straw is returned to the field, buried and covered. The paddy field or surface beater is used to level the field. After the sinking, it can meet the quality requirements of the machine cutting and tilling. The hilly and mountainous regions can use the rotary cultivator or plowing to match with the small tractor. The double-cropping paddy field is in the paddy field with deep muddy feet and advocates the use of a track tractor to match the rotary cultivator. Inverting rotary tiller hoeing machine, flat beater or self-propelled crawler rotary cultivator and other implements for tillage operation, so that the field surface is flat, and the machine is inserted after the slurry sinks.
Plowing or rotary tilling should be combined with the application of organic fertilizers and other basal fertilizers to allow the fertilizer to be buried and mixed with the soil.
Second, planting seedlings
(a) Variety selection
According to the local ecological conditions, planting systems, planting seasons, production modes, etc. are selected through national or local examinations, and the appropriate fertility periods are mainly suitable for promotion in the local area, with high quality, high yield, resistance to stress, good adaptability, and suitable germination rate and fertility. For early rice varieties machined by machine, we must choose early rice varieties that can ensure safe heading according to the crops before and after the crops. Double cropping rice areas should consider the reasonable combination of early rice and late rice varieties during the growth period to achieve high yield in the double-season machine insertion.
(B) Childbirth mode
The cultivation of age-appropriate broth is the basis for stable production and high yield of early rice. Localities must select suitable modes for transplanting rice seedlings in accordance with rice cultivation methods, and vigorously popularize breeding techniques such as bran-mixing soil, matrix-substituting bed soil, mechanized soaking, germination, and seedling line seeding. Improve seedling quality and breeding efficiency in an all-round way, concentrate as much as possible on childbearing, standardize operations, centralize management, and standardize production.
For large-scale centralized nursery, we must focus on mechanization to promote germination, precision seeding, dark seedling emergence, seedling moisturizing and water and fertilizer management to reduce the risk of early rice seedlings, provide standardized seedlings; , To facilitate unified management and facilitate access, transportation and maintenance.
Areas where conditions permit should use dry nursery or plant nursery in greenhouses, or dry farms in the field or farm mud in the field. The suitable sowing date, seeding rate, and seedling age should be determined according to the weather and temperature and the early rice needs special attention in heat preservation and breeding. Low-temperature chilling, prevention of rotting, to improve the quality of seedlings, cultivation of young age.
The standard of strong seedlings suitable for machine transplanting should be the well-developed root system, suitable seedling height, stout stems, green leaves, green, green and disease-free, even and tidy. The roots are short, white, thick, and many, and the knots are firm and lifted. The early rice leaves Age 3.0~3.5 leaves, seedling height 12~18cm, seedling age 18~30 days. Rooting force after transplanting, strong resistance, able to root early, live early trees, early seedlings.
(three) seedbed preparation
It is convenient to choose drainage and irrigation, leeward, medium fertility, easy to manage the field to do paddy field (or greenhouse seedbed), according to the ratio of 1:80 to 120 in paddy field and paddy field sufficient enough paddy fields. Select suitable for the region and the season of early rice seedlings Or bed soil, seedling soil, seedling bed soil required acidification, fertilization and disinfection, early rice seedling soil requirements pH value of 4.5 to 6.0, not more than 6.5, conditional areas to promote substrate seedlings. If you take Daejeon Dianchi Yu, one week before planting Tillage leveling, in accordance with the standard of "powder under the paste, the ditch is deep and flat, the fat is sufficient, the net hardness is moderate", to make a ditch for the ditch, to ensure good ventilation, water permeability, improve the resistance of the seedlings to low temperature Chilling ability. Dianchi Lake is 1.4m~1.5m wide, smooth and smooth; sulcus width is 0.25m~0.30m, depth is 0.15m~0.20m; surrounded by trenches, the ditch is slightly deep to ensure smooth water system.
(D) appropriate sowing
According to the characteristics of early rice varieties, the sowing date is determined at the cornice and the full heading period. In general, according to the suitable transplanting period, the sowing date will be 18 to 30 days. The germination rate of the selected early rice seeds should be over 90%, and the seeds should be dried well before planting. Species, Extruded, Selected seed, Seed soaking and germination, etc. Soaking 3~5 days before soaking, select sunny sowing seeds for 3~4 hours, Hybrid rice only spread out without drying; Breeding can be selected by wind selection, screening or water The general election is for the use of yellow muddy water, salt water, and the solution has a specific gravity of 1.05 to 1.10. After the seeds have been selected, they should be washed with clean water and soaked. The use of soaking germination machines to promote germination should be promoted. The indicators such as temperature and humidity should be set according to the mechanical equipment and seed germination requirements. Precipitating is done at the same time as “fast, uniform, uniform, and strong.” At the same time, the appropriate timing of sowing should be determined according to the timing of early rice planting. Early rice should be selected after the end of the cold air, when the temperature is warm, clear sowing, and planting by transplanting machine. Sowing seedlings in stages to prevent seedlings from being over-aged during transplanting.
Seedling sowing as far as possible using mechanized precision sowing, optional seedling sowing line or orbital sowing machine; field mud seedlings can be planted with field sowing. Conditional areas to promote sowing, direct completion of soil loading, watering (including disinfection, fertilization) Precise sowing, covering the topsoil. The amount of sowing and spraying shall be sufficient to moisten the bottom soil of the droop tray, there will be no water on the surface, there will be no drip on the bottom of the tray, and the bed soil will be wetted after the sowing of the dredging. The mechanical debugging shall be done before sowing to determine the appropriate seed sowing amount. The amount of subsoil and soil cover, the thickness of the subsoil is generally 2.2~2.5cm, the thickness of the cover soil is 0.3~0.6cm, and the covering soil is required to be even and not exposed.
The seeding rate is determined according to the variety type, season and crop size. Early rice is generally sown on March 20th. The specific time is determined according to the local safety heading date and the growing period of the variety. The conventional rice seeding volume (30cm spacing) is generally 100~ 120g/disc, about 30 plates per acre; hybrid rice can be appropriately reduced in seeding rate according to the variety characteristics, generally 70~90g/pan; narrow row (25cm row spacing) discs are made by wide row (30cm row spacing) disc area Corresponding decrement adjustment. The sowing requirement is uniform and not heavy.
(five) seedling management
If field farming is adopted, the seedlings of the good seedlings will be transferred to the Ikeda field, placed on the prepared tarpaulin, required to be affixed to the side of the plant, and a shed is to be erected, covered with thermal insulation, and compacted with mud after the film is covered. Prevent the wind from being blown away and improve the insulation effect.
Fertilizer management. Water management must ensure that the soil is moistened and adequately supplied with oxygen to ensure that the soil is moist and adequately supplied with oxygen. In case of low-temperature chilling, cover the membrane in time to keep warm and prevent freezing. At the same time, protect the seedlings with deep water, and gradually drain the water layer after the low temperature to avoid causing seedlings. Physiological loss of water, resulting in wilted dead seedlings. After 2 leaf stage, shallow irrigation is the main, keeping the soil moist, leaving no water layer, controlling seedlings with water, preventing leggy. 5 to 6 days before transplanting, controlling wet seedlings, fine Irrigation ditch seedlings, or put water hardening seedlings, promote seedlings into a blanket, increase the block disc strength, easy to take seedlings, transport and machine insertion. 2 leaves 1 heart per gram of urea 2 kg as weaning fertilizer, move Before planting 3 to 5 days per acre topdressing urea 2.5 to 3 kg for 'send marriage fat'.
Uncovering film and hardening seedlings. According to the temperature changes, grasp the time of uncovering the film and the degree of uncovering the film. At the appropriate time (usually the beginning of the second leaf and the beginning of the heartbreak), remove the film and smash the strong seedlings. Generally, the film will be ventilated at the two sunny days at noon and covered in the evening. It is advisable to maintain the internal temperature at 20~30°C. When the temperature exceeds 30°C, the two sides of the film should be opened for ventilation. The temperature should not exceed 35°C to prevent rot and burning of the seedlings. In case of long-term low temperature and rain, extend the film period as much as possible. Seedling growth. After fully hardening, the seedlings are uncovered at 2.5 to 3 leaves. When the film is uncovered, it is best to select sunny afternoon. After the first watering in the car ditch, the two sides or one side shall be opened to prevent the death of the seedlings. After uncovering the film, In case of continuous rainy weather or extremely cold weather, continue to cover the film. In order to reduce the humidity in the film and reduce the occurrence of mold, two ventilation and ventilation should be opened at noon every 3 to 5 days. The seedlings should be transplanted 3 days before transplanting. Unmasking the seedlings to make them more resistant, it is good for rooting after planting.
Strengthen the prevention and control of disease and insect pests at seedling stage, especially the control of blight and bakanae disease. Seedlings see the green and control the growth according to the age and variety of transplanting plant growth regulators. Generally, 300ppm paclobutrazol solution can be sprayed uniformly with 30 kg per acre. According to the product specifications of different types of pharmaceuticals to be formulated and applied.) Prior to transplanting the seedlings sprayed once on the counterpart pesticides, so that planting with drugs, in order to effectively control the field of Daejeon's plant diseases and pests.
Third, mechanical transplanting
(a) preparation of seedlings
According to the machine insertion time and schedule, the start time is required. When the tray is lifted, a small amount of roots passing through the hole at the bottom of the pan should be broken. Lift the pan with the pan and lay it flat. Then take care. When the seedlings are released from the plate, they are encouraged to use the seedlings trays and transport rakes. When the seedlings are transported to the field, the seedlings should be removed and laid flat so that the seedlings will naturally stretch; To avoid crowding during transport, press the seedlings, deform the loquat block and break the seedlings. The seedlings to be transplanted to the field shall be protected from sunburn. The shading measures shall be taken to prevent the seedlings from dehydration and withering.
(B) Mechanical preparation
Before transplanting, check the debugging and transplanting machine, adjust the planting spacing of the transplanter, take the amount of picking and planting depth, add the lubricant to the rotating parts, and carry out the idle operation for 5 to 10 minutes. All the moving parts of the transplanter are required to rotate. Flexible, no collision and jamming, to ensure that the rice transplanter can work normally. Before loading seedlings, move the tiller box to the end of the guide rail, and then install the seedlings to avoid leakage. The piece joints are to be aligned and no gaps are left. If necessary, water is lubricated between the block and the bowl to lubricate the box panel so that the block slides smoothly.
(III) Machine insertion requirements
According to early rice varieties, planting season, the appropriate type of rice transplanter is selected for planting, and high-speed transplanter is recommended to improve work efficiency and planting quality. Narrow row (25cm) rice transplanter can be used. Machine inserting requires uniform seedlings. Consistent depth, general leakage plug rate ≤ 5%, scarcity rate ≤ 4%, float rate ≤ 3%, transplanting depth of 1 ~ 3cm, suitable for shallow planting, is conducive to low-section node tiller.
Based on early rice varieties and planting season, select suitable planting density. Conventional rice plant spacing is 12~16cm, 4~6 plants per hole, planting density is 1.7~22000 points/mu; hybrid rice plants are 14~17cm, 2~3 plants per hole. , Planting density of 1.6 to 20 million points / acre. Conditional application of synchronous deep fertilization transplanter operations.
Fourth, field management
(I) Rational fertilization
According to the target rice production and paddy field soil fertility, combined with the requirements of formula fertilization, a reasonable amount of fertilization should be established to cultivate high-yield groups. The promotion of organic fertilizer and N, P and K fertilizers should be promoted. The amount of fertilization should be determined according to the soil fertility status, target yield and variety type in this area ( Reference fertilizer amount is shown in the table.) General organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are used as base fertilizer. Before the site preparation, mechanical fertilizing machines such as mechanical manure spreader can be applied, and plough (rotary) can be applied to the soil. Potash fertilizer is based on base fertilizer and panicle fertilizer. % application; nitrogen fertilizer is applied as base fertilizer 50%, tiller fertilizer 30%, panicle fertilizer 20%.
High-yield cultivation of early rice in different rice areas requires fertilizer (kg/mu)
(B) Water Management
According to meteorological forecast, the overall year of China's agricultural meteorology is biased in 2017, and we must pay particular attention to the prevention of spring drought in the eastern part of the Yangtze River. For early rice production, we need to overhaul irrigation facilities, increase irrigation water sources, expand irrigated areas, and promote early-season rice breeding and water-saving irrigation techniques. , Watering the seedlings in time, strengthening the anti-drought spring tube.
The shallow wet dry irrigation mode should be adopted. After the machine is inserted, the live trees will generally maintain a shallow layer of 1~3cm in the returning green period, and the straw returning field shall have 2 to 3 times exposed fields in the 2 leafage stages after planting to facilitate the return of straw. In the process of decomposition, harmful gases are released, and then a 2~3cm shallow water layer is built in conjunction with the application of manure. When the number of stems per plant reaches 80% of the expected number of panicles, paddy field ditching is used to open the ditch, and timely drainage is put on the field. Through repeated lays, the soil does not sink, the leaves stand up, and the leaves are yellow. Intermittent irrigation in the shallow water layer after jointing, promote root growth, control the internode length and plant height, make the plant type upright, collapse , Improve the light-receiving posture. During the flowering and fruiting period, shallow wet irrigation was used to keep the number of live roots and green leaves of the plants. The plants lived to maturity, increasing the seed setting rate and grain weight.
(c) Prevention of pests and weeds
Pay attention to the prevention of major pests and diseases. Strengthen monitoring and early warning, implement zoning policies, and provide guidance on classification, implement prevention and control of key diseases such as rice blast, sheath blight, bacterial leaf blight, rice planthopper, armyworm and rice leaf roller. Key technologies. According to different diseases of early rice, rational use of drugs, promote the selection of high-efficiency, low-toxicity (biological) pesticides and biological and physical control technologies, implement accurate application of pesticides, and reduce pollution. Vigorously carry out unified prevention and control, prevention and control, and prevention and control Effect, to curb the outbreak of major pest outbreaks, to achieve 'the insect mouth to seize the grain'.
Weed control. Combine with soil preparation within one week before machine insertion. Herbicide is used to seal and kill grass at one time. Water is kept for 3 to 4 days after application. The herbicide is applied in combination with weeds and fertilizers within 1 week after machine insertion. When the water layer 3 ~ 5cm, water retention 3 ~ 4 days; conditional areas in the machine inserted 2 weeks after the use of mechanical cultivator weeding, weeding required to maintain the water layer 3 ~ 5cm.
For different business scales, different land sizes, and vehicle-mounted, stretcher-type, boom-type, or drone-free, high-efficiency plant protection machines are used to suit local conditions. The planted plants can be planted in large scale, and self-propelled high-lying grounds high-efficiency plant protection machinery can be used. The aircraft conducts unified defense; Hilly areas and scattered small plots, Self-propelled plant protection machinery are difficult to apply to the field, Frequently round heads are pressed and pressed, and small drones or stretcher-type efficient plant protection machines are available.
V. Mechanical harvest
(I) Harvest time
When the majority of rice in earliest rice turns yellow, more than 90% of the grains in japonica rice can be mechanically harvested to prevent cutting. Select the appropriate harvesting machinery according to different plots, select good weather, and harvest in time. Combine the harvest should be in the basic Disappear after operation; subsection harvest should be harvested 4 to 5 days before ripening, timely threshing.
(B) Machine preparation
It is recommended to use a harvester with a stalk crushing and scavenging device to facilitate straw return and burying. Check the commissioning machinery before operation, check the harvesting machinery, commissioning and maintenance to ensure good mechanical performance. At the same time, be clear. Foreign objects in the field, preparatory work, etc.
(III) Technical Requirements
Full feed or half feed combine harvester with stalk cutting device is advocated, and the height of stay rake is not more than 10cm.
According to the growth of early rice, the correct selection of harvesting advance speed, full-scale work, the method of walking is generally used centripetal rotation method. When dew or wet crops after the rain, it is not appropriate to immediately harvest, wait for the rice to dry before harvesting. When retrieving the fallen crops, Reduce the header to an appropriate height, move the reel forward, and correctly select the harvesting direction, preferably the reverse lodging direction, followed by the horizontal lodging direction; when harvesting early rice with a lodging angle greater than 45°, take one-way alignment Lodging in the direction of lodging or vertical lodging.
The total loss rate of early-season combine harvesters was ≤3%, and the breakage rate was ≤2%; the total loss rate of half-seasoned early-season combine harvesters was ≤2.5%, and the breakage rate was ≤0.5%; the windrower harvested early rice and required the laying of neat rows. Correct position, no miss cutting, loss rate<1%.
Six, straw processing
When the early rice is harvested, it is harvested using the half-feeding combine's own straw shredding device or a full-feeding combine harvester equipped with a straw shredding device, and the shredded straw is evenly scattered in the field. Plow or reciprocating rotary cultivator, grader for soil preparation, Hirata operation, to facilitate planting.
(I) Technical points
When the early rice harvest, the length of the straw shredding is less than 10cm, and the cut height is suitable to not affect the quality of the cultivated land, generally less than 15cm. Under the condition of returning the straw, nitrogen fertilizer is applied to reduce the amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and the straw is increased for every 100kg. Pure nitrogen 1kg, choose ammonium nitrogen or urea as good, promote organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer combination, and evenly spread on the straw residue before the implement operation. When the straw is returned to the field, it should be determined according to the specific shape of the field. Routes should be avoided or reduced as much as possible to re-cultivation, ploughing and small angle turns, general operation two times, the first time should be slow, the second time the speed can be slightly faster, the two operations should cross and vertical operations. The depth of operation is controlled between 16cm and 20cm. It is advisable to increase the depth of tillage more than 2 years of continuous rotation.
(B) Machine Matching
The implements used for returning straw to early rice can be used in combination with large- and medium-sized tractors, such as reverse-rotation cultivators, rotary cultivators, hoe-type ploughs, irrigators for paddy fields, paddy fields, and ground beaters.
Seven, mechanical drying
(I) Technical points
After harvesting, rice should be promptly dried with a grain dryer or air-dried to standard moisture content (13.5% for indica rice and 14.5% for indica rice). Before rice is dried, besides awn and early clearing, the removal rate should be greater than 85%. The rate should be no more than 2%. There must be no stalks, sacks, polyethylene film, etc. The original moisture content of the rice must be measured before drying. The difference in water content of the same batch of dried rice should be no more than 2%. Big differences in rice should be dried separately.
(B) Machine Matching
Grain dryer according to the drying batch, production scale configuration, generally use low temperature circulating dryer.
The location of the drying plant must be close to the main grain production area, and the transportation is convenient, away from the areas with high humidity, and there is enough food for drying all year round, so that the drying machinery maintains a relatively balanced production, in order to achieve economies of scale.