Additive manufacturing is not only a new technological means, but also an important engine and disruptive technology system that changes human production and life style in the new round of industrial revolution. Its subversiveness is not only reflected in the manufacturing and service side but also in the design side The idea behind the addition is to bring a design revolution that frees up and motivates creativity, which is aimed not only at product developers but also at a wider audience. The high-end R & D based on forward design and additive manufacturing With the return of the overall solution of advanced manufacturing to the essence of industrialization and the reshaping of the relationship between design and manufacturing, it will become a rare window of opportunity for the development of the real economy and the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry.
In the second half of 2015, Anshi Asia Pacific released its industrial redesign strategy and forward design consulting system. Over the past two years, the author and colleagues have written a series of articles '1-6' attempting to redesign and forward design the external demand, connotation extension and Method flow elaborated.With the deepening of technology development, market cognition and customer practice, our understanding is also deepening.As a result of the stage, this article on the origin of the related concepts and the resulting based on the forward design and additive manufacturing The high-end R & D and advanced manufacturing solutions (hereinafter referred to as the overall solution) theoretical framework and tools to do a systematic sort, please correct me.
1 business needs analysis (Why)
Through analyzing and summarizing the practical experience of research and development of complex products in various industries during the process of industrialization in China, Ansar Asia Pacific analyzed the internal difficulties in the transformation and upgrading of China's manufacturing industry, the core issues and the root causes of the problems (Figure 1). 'And get two points of recognition:
• The new round of innovative business models under the revolution in science and technology and revolution in industries is a powerful guarantee for the successful transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industries and the enhancement of their capability of independent innovation.
• Re-understanding the relationship between design and manufacturing from the perspective of systems engineering is the starting point and breakthrough point for the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industry and the industrialized remedial courses at the present stage.
Figure 1 China's manufacturing transformation and upgrading of the problem space analysis '3'
In "Why Industrial Redesign is a Breakthrough at This Stage?" In the article '2' on the Path Choice of Transformation and Upgrading in Manufacturing Industry, the author, from the perspective of technical economics and innovative kinematics' 7, The road map of China's three-phase innovation should be a sustainable development path of 'economic strength-> technological strength-> scientific and technological strength-> scientific strength'. Its basic strategy is to get rid of the cottage economy as soon as possible and gradually learn from Japan, the United States and Europe Product innovation, technological innovation and scientific innovation have given China another and long-term lead in the world. The three-stage division is not an absolute one in terms of time. Rather, the three phases are carried out at the same time. However, national development strategies should be developed at different times Focus on a different focus on a certain stage, in order to ensure the best use of resources.Using the same principles of technical economics and innovation dynamics, the author believes that industrialization and information technology is the relationship between the purpose and the goal (Figure 2), industrialization is The basis of the source of information technology and the basis of the premise is more than the informatization of systems engineering, compared to information is short, in a very long history The main contradiction is to address the specific problems and needs of industrialization and how to use information technology tools and tools to promote the upgrading of the main contradictions , Instead of blindly pursuing the leapfrog development of informatization itself.
Figure 2 From the TRIZ theory to improve the trend of the completeness of the industry view of industrialization and information technology and the real economy and non-real economy, the relationship between the goal and the '8'
Figure 2 divides the technical system completeness model of TRIZ theory into informational and non-informational physical objects, which is exactly corresponding to the method and device division of invention patent in patent law. Moreover, in my opinion, Professor ZHONG Yixin The two definitions of information given (the ontological message of a thing is the self-expression of the thing about its own state of movement and its variation; the epistemological message of a subject about a thing is that of the subject about the thing The statement of the form, meaning, and value of the state of movement and of the manner in which it is changed illustrates the subordination of information to non-informational physical objects from the other side.
Standing on the macro perspective of manufacturing transformation and upgrading, using the methods of economics (such as the principle of marginal utility and comparative advantage), we can conclude that the business model with a high probability of success at this stage should be based on the industrialization of products. A realistic example is After more than two decades of hard work, the commercial success of domestic industrial software has been sluggish. The vast majority of software tools and platforms (CAx / PDM / ERP, etc.) required for industrial product R & D and innovation have been dominated by foreign software giants, and In the short term, we can not see the trends and inherent motivations for changing this status quo. In the field of R & D and application of industrial products, there have been complicated products, equipment and major projects in a few industries. Our country has gradually caught up with foreign countries in becoming a leader in the world.
In order to realize the overall transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry and the complete catch-up of the industrial system, it is impossible to rely on the "first chance window" formed by the comparative advantages of labor costs, but only by the 'new technology revolution in the brewing stage' Second Opportunity Window '(Figure 3). At this time, although a large number of breakthroughs in the new technology system first appeared in developed countries, due to its technological system is in an early stage, the degree of technological maturity and scientific and technological knowledge of the lower degree, At the same time, in the traditional industries, the developed countries are confronted with the established technical route that has been opened up by the developed countries and thus save a lot of trial and error costs. At the same time, Later countries will likely stand on the same starting line with developed countries; while developed countries may be trapped in the lock-in effect of the paradigm of the old technology system. In some newly emerging countries, because of the absence of sunk costs and the technological dependence of the route, Developed countries are more adaptable to the requirements of the new technological and economic paradigm, and even replace the pioneer's technology and institutional leadership to achieve Leapfrog development, which is also the meaning of the so-called lane-changing overtaking. For late-coming countries, the 'second chance window' offered by the new technological revolution should not only devote itself to the remedial work of traditional industries, but also strive to achieve Emerging industries catch up.
Figure 3 manufacturing transformation and upgrading of the window '9'
What kind of innovative business model to meet the 'second chance window' successful changeover overtaking requirements? First of all, the key to transformation and upgrading is value innovation, to give new value to the entire industrial chain, there is no value innovation, there is no Sustainable development of the business model, the transition can only be reduced to a switch to the second, there must be a global perspective. Professor Wei Jie Tsinghua University proposed in early 2017, the third globalization is the global allocation of resources such as technology, markets, capital, labor force (The first globalization is the global development of the territory and the second is the global trade.) Then, the innovative business model under the new round of technological revolution and industrial revolution must also be based on the value resources of technology, market, capital, talent and government To optimize the configuration of the global business model, a new round of technological revolution under the transformation and upgrading of industrial revolution, the main body of the manufacturing enterprises must also be based on the design and manufacture of integrated reconfigurable modular system-level or system-level integration of innovative business model Figure 4) .
Figure 4 manufacturing enterprises under the third wave of globalization based on the design and manufacture of integrated reconfigurable business model '10'
After clarifying the requirements of the innovative business model, how to choose entry points and breakthroughs has become the key issue for the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industries, which should meet the following principles and conditions: '2'
• Returning to the essence of industrialization (to be more specific, industrialization): To promote the sustainable development of human civilization and continuously improve the ideal degree of material production centered on design and manufacturing activities through the continuous adoption of new technologies and the pursuit of efficient specialization organizations Level (See Section 2.1.2 for an explanation of the concept of ideality).
• Subjectivity: truly let the enterprise become the main body of innovation and economic stage;
• Purpose: Facing the industrialization, it is necessary to make up classes and make up the shortcomings of the actual needs of those who can not overcome the substitution of industrialization;
• Systematic: Decomposing the goal from the essence of industrialization, standing at the height of the system and re-understanding the relationship between design and manufacturing:
- From the system engineering perspective grasp the entire product design, process design and manufacturing process, analysis of the relationship between structure and materials, and actively build a green manufacturing system to crack green development;
- With the current stage of product innovation needs, help solve the problem of product quality and accelerate the upgrading of product quality;
• Sustainability: The first step of small improvements and benefits to the business to bring positive feedback, so that R & D system construction and core competitiveness foster snowball into a virtuous circle of development, from the existing product improvement and innovation to supplement the industrialization of the short board , Not only know their knowledge of why they know it, but also the sustainable development of the economy and market share, and then activate the research and technological innovation, and then to learn scientific research and innovation, and follow the scientific concept of sustainable development Development path
• Feasibility: It is not the original innovation that requires a lot of research and R & D investment, not to turn scientific input into papers and awards, but to turn corporate knowledge gained through industrial remedial steps into business benefits and innovation as innovations The main business quickly get benefits;
Figure 5 China's manufacturing transformation and upgrading of solution space analysis
Based on the above analysis, in order to cope with the strong demand for independent innovation in the process of China's economic restructuring and upgrading and to provide a solution for the implementation of design and manufacturing integration in "Made in China 2025", R & D for "Made in China 2025" Based on the design and development of lean R & D solutions, Allstate Asia Pacific Ltd. was originally a source of clean, put forward based on the forward design and additive manufacturing of high-end R & D and advanced manufacturing overall solution (Figure 5).
2 Terms Definition (What)
As a rare term in product design methodology and PLM field, it comes from the fact that there are no directly related terms in western developed countries, but with distinct Chinese characteristics, two terms derived from the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industry in China and the R & D practice. Two In recent years, with the maturity of relevant technologies, the deepening of market cognition and customer practices, the definition of 'forward design' and 'industrial redesign' has undergone a subtle evolution and has reached a relatively mature and stable status. The latest version Defined as follows.
Systematic forward design; forward design solution system based on systems engineering methodologies'
In order to meet the new round of technological revolution and industrial revolution brought about by the opportunities and respond to the challenges of transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industry, the system engineering theory and process model as the framework to increase thinking as the representative of the new technology system as the starting point for Artificial physical systems to improve the design, original design and technology research and development and other scenarios, you can learn from the reverse design methods to digest and absorb all kinds of existing technologies and achievements, not to copy the copycat cottage as a means and purpose to improve the artificial physical system design and manufacturing Integration capabilities, independent innovation capability of enterprises and even the sustainable development of enterprises and social design activities, design methods and solutions consulting system.
'Forward design of the simple definition'
To system engineering as a framework to enhance the thinking and technology as the starting point for the artificial physical systems to improve the design, original design and technology research and development, to enhance the artificial physical system design and manufacturing integration capabilities, enterprise independent innovation and even business and society Design activities, methods and solutions consulting system for sustainable development.
'Redesign for industrial products'
One of the forward-looking business scenarios.An artificial physical system in its maturity phase (Phase III of the S-curve of a technical system), without changing its functional purpose, stands at the height of the system to reexamine the demand, in terms of value, function and energy Point of view, to follow the example of nature, the use of computer-aided innovation, simulation optimization, additive manufacturing, material manufacturing and other breakthroughs in new technologies, new processes, new materials to redesign the entire system of product design, process design, material design and manufacturing process , The optimal combination of the function, structure and material of the redesigned artificial physical system during the whole life cycle makes the evolution of the artificial physical system along the S curve closer to the limit given by nature.
2.1 Connotation
Why do we adopt an inclusive approach to reverse design in the definition of 'forward design'? What is the relationship between forward design and reverse design? Why emphasize 'system engineering as a framework' in the definition of 'forward design' 'The new technology system represented by additive thinking is the starting point? Why should we mention the' values, functions and energies' and 'the ways to follow nature' in the definition of 'industrial redesign'? Let us return to things Origin and nature of the system, and from the point of view of systematic and systematic evolution, we think about the meaning of 'forward design' and 'industrial redesign.'
2.1.1 forward design and reverse design
Recalling the process of industrialization in China, the research and development of complex products and equipment ranging from mapping and copying to improving retrofitting to the independent research and development of low-end to high-end evolution can be seen in each historical period of R & D mode can be said to be positive Design and reverse design mixed application model, but the positive design and reverse design of each period of the proportion of different, and gradually from the reverse design into the dominant forward-oriented design dominated, and with this process, the reverse design and forward design Of the ability to maturity level is also rising.First look at the reverse design capability maturity level to enhance the process '3'.
Surveying and mapping imitation based on 'quasi-law' is a typical reverse design activity, especially in the early stage of equipment mapping and simulation, there is a large number of relatively low-level reverse design activities (as shown by the red arrow in Figure 6) In-kind anti-push to the drawings, back-to-design, without having to go back to the original demand in the increasingly globalized economy, market today, the mapping is not feasible, and not necessary.For post-industrialized countries, from the introduction It is an essential and insurmountable stage of historical development that digesting and absorbing advanced foreign products and technologies or starting with the analysis of existing technologies and products from domestic and foreign competitors to improving retrofitting and re-innovation, Its role is to stand on the shoulders of predecessors or giants, training R & D team and enhance their core competitiveness.
Figure 6 different maturity levels of reverse design in the system engineering entity V model embodiment '3'
For foreign countries to spend money on product drawings and patents and other intellectual property rights of the introduction of digestion and absorption, the need for specific analysis of the specific circumstances.For only the introduction, with little or no effort to digestion and absorption, equivalent to save the original "quasi- The level of reverse design, put it plainly is a half-hearted, copy, this just did not finish the whole process of the full design of the whole process, low-level forward design.After focusing on the introduction of digestion and absorption, due to and avoid technical risks The purpose of the original quasi-law is different. It must include a high level of reverse design activities (as shown by the green arrows in Figure 6) that are backdated to the needs.
The prior art analysis of FIG. 7, which is based on the reverse design, shows the flow '3'
The analysis of existing technologies and products of domestic and foreign competitors under the independent R & D and innovation mode is essentially consistent with the digestion and absorption in the digestion and absorption model introduced, and the difference is only whether the R & D front-end market needs and business requirements are included Development and analysis.Therefore, the prior art analysis (see the example flow shown in the lane diagram in Figure 7) contains a higher level of reverse design activity than the introduction of digestion and absorption (as shown by the yellow arrow in Figure 6) The Reverse Design of Innovative Model Forward Design Framework.
Because system engineering is a set of methodology that ensures that complex things are done, done, and done quickly, the degree of reliance on systems engineering framework, or the degree of conformity to systems engineering processes, is not only a measure of the maturity of reverse engineering capabilities Important indicators, but also an important indicator of the ability to measure the maturity of the positive design capability.Formal design capacity building is a long-term, dynamic, systematic learning and practice of the accumulation process, eclectic, outline the project to the system engineering as a framework to design and manufacture of one Into the direction of the system engineering process has never been the low level of 'positive' design, the system engineering process model approach to the product of the forward design, and then to the system engineering process model approach to the product and process forward design, and finally Based on the Systematic Engineering Framework, it realizes the integration of (product, material, process) design and manufacture, the forward design of the entire product system during its entire life, and finally completes the whole process of enhancing the maturity of the forward design capability from low end to high end.
2.1.2 Forward Design and Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing is based on the principle of discrete - accumulation of similar mathematical calculus, driven by the three-dimensional data and automatic control of the computer to achieve precise controllable, material-by-layer manufacturing of digital manufacturing technology directly compared to the material and other materials It is not merely a new method of manufacturing and processing, but an important engine in the new round of technological revolution and industrial revolution that will change the mode of production and lifestyles of mankind. Disruptive technology system, this subversive manifestation of, in addition to this new manufacturing process brings, in a single device can quickly and accurately produce any complex shape of the parts, a substantial reduction in the number of parts and processing processes, shorten the processing Cycle, saving raw materials, reducing energy consumption and many other benefits, more importantly, it achieved the structural design, high performance materials, the integration of complex manufacturing components, and for the macro-structural design and microstructure of the material preparation with Revolutionary change: '11 -15 '
• The add-on thinking behind additive manufacturing is a revolution in design that completely opens up the shackles of design, where traditional methods of design based on subtractive materials such as DFM (Manufacturing) and DFA (Assembly) are scarcely used. Designers can Truly reverting to user needs, performing DFF or DFAM, the relationship between design, process, design and manufacturing is no longer in a causal and order-dependent manner, from the point of view of value, function and energy But a mutually motivated living system that enables low-cost, innovative design and rapid manufacturing of large / very large components or structural systems, complex / supercomponent or structural systems, multi-species, low-volume, and personalized products in a natural way Create extraordinary structure to achieve extraordinary functions.
• The traditional manufacturing process of welding, heat treatment, and plating, spraying, coating, oxidation, compounding, hardening and other surface treatment is a macro-extensive means to achieve the characteristics of the micro-material adjustment and denaturing.An additive manufacturing is a subtle material as a starting point, Digitally controlled as a means to creatively create materials while preparing parts (or even to creatively compound different materials together or even synthesize new materials) to make the material while making the part, is about to be traditionally chosen Preparation and processing of the serial process into a process of forming and forming a parallel process, from the macro to micro, structural mechanics and material mechanics to achieve a combination of breakthroughs to enhance the performance of the product itself, the material structure and performance of the manufacturing process and more sophisticated , Precise control of the ability to achieve high-performance digital preparation of new materials, especially high-performance non-equilibrium materials, high activity refractory refractory materials, high-performance gradient material preparation, and high-performance multi-scale composite material preparation and new materials / Metamaterial preparation.
• It is foreseeable that with the industrialization of 3D printing technology, the traditional process flow, production line, factory mode and industry chain will all face in-depth adjustment. According to the types of industrial products and categories, the barriers to manufacturing industrial products by specialized chemical factories Will gradually disappear, and then open the end-to-end (customer demand end to meet customer demand side) era: spare parts library will be gradually eliminated, on-site manufacturing and repair, etc. efficient maintenance and support mode will become the mainstream, weapons and equipment carrier-based or Battlefield mobile laser forming and repair systems, and even space manufacturing are gradually getting on the stage. Production models such as distributed manufacturing, ubiquitous manufacturing and social manufacturing with near-zero marginal cost based on technologies such as industrial cloud, Internet of Things and virtual reality will become reality .
• Finally, as a new member of the manufacturing technology family, additive manufacturing, though a transformative new technology with great potential for growth, is still to be complemented by traditional manufacturing techniques without overthrowing traditional manufacturing techniques Artificial physical systems manufacturing technology system will usher in a new era of additive materials, materials, reduce material dependencies, process integration.
Let us examine the disruptiveness of traditional design methodologies and manufacturing technologies from advanced manufacturing technologies such as additive manufacturing, bionic manufacturing, and micro / nano manufacturing, represented by additive materials, from the perspective of the evolutionary trend of the TRIZ theoretical system. Scientific and technological revolution and the promotion of industrial revolution.
According to TRIZ theory, the evolution of technical systems (ie, artificial physical systems) obeys objective laws (Figure 8) and evolves with the goal of improving their own desirability (ie achieving as much useful functions as possible with as little resources as possible), techniques In the process of evolution, there are conflicts due to the evolutionary inconsistencies of various subsystems in the system. People need to use existing resources to solve contradictions without compromise. The realization of technical system consists of simple structure - complex functions - complex functions - To the simple structure - the evolution of a complex spiral of spiral evolution (Figure 9) '16'.
Figure 8 Structure of the Evolutionary Trend of Technological Systems in Modern TRIZ Theory '17'
Figure 9 TRIZ theory of the evolution of the technical system trends in the technical system from simple structural functions to complex structural functions, and then to a simple structure - complex functions of the spiral ascending evolution of the application '16'
In order to achieve the ultimate goal of increasing the idealistic degree of technological system evolution, one usually adopts the formula of ideal degree (ideal degree = sum of useful functions / (sum of harmful effects + cost)), Value engineering approaches, such as improving performance while reducing costs, etc. On the contrary, TRIZ's paradoxical ideal Final Result (IFR for short, meaning no material or energy resources, no At any cost to achieve the desired function) 'This is used to break the concept of thinking, to encourage people to endless pursuit of technical systems infinity of the ideal degree. "Alizhulle, the father of TRIZ said:' The ideal result is It seems as if it is a sixth-level invention that does not exist. It seems to be a virtual, illusive and singular one. However, in the history of human science and technology, these science fiction novels The fantastic fantasy becomes a reality.
The difficulties and challenges encountered in the R & D and application of the additive manufacturing technology system in the current stage will be solved in the evolution of technological systems (for example, the process fusion to the super-system evolution and the ideal material to the micro-evolution).
Let us then consider the connotation and essence of design, manufacture and industrialization with the evolutionary thinking that pursues the idealized final result and enhances the ideal degree of science and technology system.
Design is a kind of creative activity that human beings carry out for a specific purpose, that is, objective needs are transformed into artificial systems that meet the needs, including artificial physical systems and artificial abstract systems.Demand is the driving force of design, the essence of design is innovation, Is to create a more idealized mode of human existence (including production, living and communication) with the ultimate goal of design being the sustainable development and evolution of a complex system of people, nature and society (Figure 10).
Figure 10 from the human, natural and social relations between the three view design '1'
Narrow manufacturing refers to manpower, tools, machines, chemicals, formulations or biological methods to design the results of the production or to meet the needs of artificial physical systems, in particular, the bulk of the raw materials into products.General manufacturing sometimes Including the design of the front end, but in fact, from the definition of the two, we can see that the connotation of the design is more abundant, which not only makes the artificial physical system but also includes the artificial abstract system.
Industrialization (industrialization) aims at the sustainable development of human civilization. Through continuous adoption of new technologies and the pursuit of highly efficient professional organizations, the level of material production centered on design and manufacturing activities is continuously promoted.
Therefore, the continuous improvement of the design and manufacture of the ideal of integration is the industrialization (industrialization) the ideal result toward the final result of the necessary road, from the very early human society, a relatively long period of hand-workshop-style low-level design and manufacture of 'integration' Not as an independent technical or scientific subsystems, but as part of the manufacturing process) to the manufacturing subsystem and design subsystem of the first industrial revolution in England in the late eighteenth century and the second industrial revolution in the late nineteenth century in Germany and the United States, respectively From the unbalanced development stage of the 20th century to the transformation and promotion of the whole life-cycle management of products and systems from the traditional system engineering to the modern system engineering (ie, model-based system engineering) from the mid-20th century to the present day18 So far, at the industrialization level, we completely get through the barriers and barriers between design and manufacture from the macroscopic process to the micro-mechanism and eventually move towards a more advanced stage of full integration of design and manufacturing. "Jeremy Rifkin, Cost Society, "a book describes the Internet of Things and additive manufacturing technology disruptive effects on human society, as This historic process of industrialization, with its ever-increasing degree of ambition, depicts the future picture of the long-anticipated synergy-sharing era.
For the development of design technology subsystem evolution, you can refer to the positive design capability maturity described above upgrade process, the core is the integrated design of products, materials and processes.
For the development and evolution of the manufacturing technology subsystem, from the primitive reduction of materials in the early Stone Age of mankind to the manufacture of original equivalent materials in the era of bronze and ironworks, to the modern reduction of materials manufacturing and equivalent manufacturing that started in the early two industrial revolutions Parallel development period, and then by the beginning of this century into the industrial application of additive manufacturing period, and then towards the integration of design and manufacturing to add material thinking and the integration of materials, materials, wood, micro-nano, A new era of convergence (Figure 11).
Figure 11 Human-made and spiral-based development of manufacturing technology '10 '
In view of the industrialization (industrialization) -> manufacturing transformation and upgrading -> design and manufacturing integration -> forward design -> additive thinking and the purpose of additive manufacturing between the means means that 'design and manufacturing integration' completely and The essence of industrialization (industrialization) and the additive manufacturing technology system based on additive thinking represent the evolutionary direction of the artificial physical system from low level to advanced level, so we emphasize in the definition of 'forward design' Add material technology as the starting point, stressing that the additional material thinking and technology is the starting point for enhancing the capability of designing and manufacturing integration, and taking "improving the design and manufacturing integration capability of artificial physical systems" as the three major goals of positive design capability building one.
2.1.3 Industrial Redesign and Industrial Remanufacturing
As one of the forward-looking business scenarios, the definition of industrial redesign gives specific technical measures - 'in terms of value, function and energy', 'in a natural way' and 'in the use of computer-aided innovation, Simulation and optimization, additive manufacturing, material manufacturing and other breakthroughs in new technologies, new processes, new materials redesign ... '.
From the viewpoint of value, the core concept is the trend of increasing the ideal degree which is the first of TRIZ theoretical and technical system evolution trend. The method tools include TRIZ theoretical system evolution trend system, value engineering and various maturity evaluation methods such as TRL, MRL, IRL and SRL.
Function, is the basic view of engineering practice, and is at the heart of an ontology model of artificial physical systems (Figure 12). It is not only a point of view emphasized by the TRIZ theory and the German school of design methodology, but also a system analysis, knowledge base of physical effects and The cornerstone of the knowledge innovation repository for technical innovation solutions is also the technical point of view commonly used in the patent classification of inventions and patents in the world, the scope of protection of claims in patent applications, the creative judgment of patent examination, and the infringement judgment in patent disputes. In contrast to functional perspectives, product structure perspectives, domain or industry perspectives, the advantage of functional perspectives is that breaking the mindset and barriers in industries, disciplines, and product categories makes it possible for others Of the overall solution, the functional point of view is one of the cornerstones, the functional ontology model for product, material and process integration design shown in Figure 13.
Figure 12 ontology model of artificial physical system (part) '19'
Figure 13 Functional ontology model '19'
From the energy perspective, the core idea is to meet the goal of sustainable development and to improve the quality of energy flow in artificial physical systems, in harmony with the requirements of eco-design and green manufacturing. Tools include tools for TRIZ theoretical trends and trends in energy flow Transfer trends, and analysis.
The way to follow nature is to study nature, learn from living things, learn from nature, use novel bio-inspired synthetic strategies and natural bionic principles to design meta-structures, synthesize organic, inorganic, organic-inorganic Hybrid structural materials and functional materials (Figure 14, Figure 15). Just as TRIZ theory of physical effects knowledge base and technological innovation solutions knowledge base is a scientific summary of human engineering practices; since ancient times, nature is also a variety of human technical ideas , Principles of engineering, and sources of major inventions Nature is a great teacher of human beings, learning from nature is a high level of reverse design (Figure 6) + forward design, where reverse design Design is the purpose.
Figure 14 imitation of natural bionic design and manufacture of '20'
Figure 15 Bone and bamboo from macroscopic to microscopic structure '21'
The technical measures given in the definition of industrial redesign also apply to the forward design.
If we say that intelligent manufacturing is the main direction of the integration of the two industries, integrated integration is the main content of enterprise information construction is the key point of the integration of the two key points and breakthroughs, it can be said that the positive design is the main direction of manufacturing transformation and upgrading is The longest piece of board that needs to be found, designed and practiced in the three-step plan of "Made in China 2025" that is suitable for the long-term sustainable development in the future is the main content of building the core competitiveness of an enterprise. Industrial redesign is aimed at the current weakest The shortcomings of the emergency action is a breakthrough in the industrialization of the current stage, but also for the integration of the two ecological design and green manufacturing another breakthrough. '2'
In early November 2017, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the "High-end Smart Remanufacturing Action Plan (2018-2020)", calling for the in-depth implementation of "Made in China 2025", speeding up the implementation of green manufacturing and promoting green development in industry, focusing on shield machine, aeroengine and gas turbine , Medical imaging equipment, heavy machine tools and oil and gas field equipment and other key parts remanufacturing, as well as the additive manufacturing, specialty materials, intelligent processing, nondestructive testing and other green basic common technologies in the remanufacturing field of application as a 'size recovery and performance improvement' As the main technical characteristics of the recycling of electromechanical products recycling with Chinese characteristics remanufacturing industry, can be considered a subset of industrial redesign or business scenarios, that is, without computer-aided innovation and simulation and optimization of design techniques, but only by the additive Manufacturing and other advanced manufacturing technology to achieve the existing product size recovery and performance improvement.
In addition to boosting industrial remanufacturing, advanced manufacturing technologies such as additive manufacturing can also be applied to the following scenarios to meet the major goals of a sustainable and recycle economy based on eco-design and green manufacturing: (1) MRO) to extend product life; (2) Design for Disassembly for customer assembly and material recycling; (3) Additive manufacturing to verify material usage and scrap disposal early in product design under mass customization conditions Design for Recycling Design; (4) Material Recovery and Reuse for Additive Manufacturing of New Composites and Biomaterials; (5) Development and Utilization of Clean Energy in Additive Manufacturing Industry; etc. Etc. Additive manufacturing technology for human sustainable development and recycling economy, both opportunities and challenges coexist, but the opportunities far outweigh the challenges and the challenges to be faced by the global and systemic height of the ecological chain, industrial chain and product life cycle, etc. solve.
2.2 extension
The applications of 'forward design' and 'industrial redesign' extend from the original complex systems and products to present artificial physical systems (ie, some artificial systems that contain hardware) (Figure 16), ranging from initial product design development To the current product design plus environmental design (Figure 10) .Thus, industries and fields such as healthcare, cultural creativity, smart buildings and smart cities that are closely related to human production and life are included in the "forward design" and "industrial redesign 'After this extension, the business areas and scenarios oriented toward' forward design 'and' industrial redesign 'have expanded to the heart of the industrialization of mankind - all material production directed by design and manufacturing activities.
Figure 16 system classification and artificial physical system '22'
About the relationship between forward design and industrial redesign Industrial redesign is a subset of the forward design from the point of view of the scope of business covered (Figure 17, Figure 18), that is, lean in adapting to the new development paradigm based on MBSE In the research and development of the 3D system engineering model framework '18, 23 ', the forward design activities are full of the three-dimensional space and can be applied to various system levels and various stages of the system, such as improved design, original design and technology research and development Scenario, while industrial redesign focuses on the improved design and redesign of mature products and systems.From the stage of industrialization, industrial redesign is suitable as an entry point for China's manufacturing transformation and upgrading focusing on product quality and product innovation And breakthroughs in industrialized remedial programs; forward design is common sense in developed countries, while in China you need to rebuild the theory and practice of positive design from academia to industry, and forward design capacity building is a long-term, dynamic, System learning, practice and ability maturity enhancement process.
Figure 17 Lean R & D three-dimensional system engineering model framework of the forward design of three-dimensional space '18'
Figure 18 Industrial redesign subspace in lean development 3D system engineering model framework
3 Architecture (How-1)
3.1 technical architecture and logical structure
The technical architecture of the overall solution (Figure 19) refers to Qian Xuesen's general framework of the modern science disciplinary system (Figure 20) of 'Three Levels and One Bridge' under the guidance of the system in the early 1980s, including: Engineering, math, physics, materials science, and information-enabled environments - data collaboration for digital masters and digital twins, cloud manufacturing based on big data and the Internet of Things, technology disciplines - TRIZ and technology innovation and management, Topology optimization, engineering simulation, knowledge engineering, engineering and technology layer - based on systems engineering for additive manufacturing technology integration of product materials and design methodology, and the combination of its process system configured forward design consulting system, advanced manufacturing process integration Optimum consultation system, advanced material preparation and preparation service system, engineering practice layer - solution system for industrial products (such as aircraft, aeroengine, automobile and mold), industrial chain-oriented solution system (such as entrepreneur, consumer Medical, higher education and vocational training and other public utilities, cultural and creative, construction, etc.), industrial and information-oriented production System (material and process equipment, software tools and platforms, etc.).
Figure 19 High-end R & D and Advanced Manufacturing Integrated Solutions Based on Forward Design and Additive Manufacturing Technology Architecture
Figure 20 Disciplinary System General Framework '24'
Figure 21 overall solution logic architecture
The logical architecture of a holistic solution that ensures the effective operation of this technology architecture is shown in Figure 21, which expands the linear one-dimensional dendrogram structure based on material design and manufacturing expertise to main applications and markets and other common ground Business structure of the two-dimensional matrix organizational structure.This architecture is in line with advanced enterprise R & D mode in Europe and the United States, but also with Qian Xuesen subjects and research relationships of subjects jointly woven into a scientific cloth idea (Figure 22) to match. And according to Qian Lao's thought, we attach great importance to the pivotal role of system science, systems engineering and mathematics in the overall solution.
Figure 22 Two-dimensional system of science '25'
Logical architecture of the overall solution The security and support of the technology architecture is shown in Figure 23.
Figure 23 From the life-stage model of the system and its enabling system, logical architectures support the technical architecture '26'
3.2 process system
The systematic method of forward design flow which supports the process integration of product materials based on system engineering for additive manufacturing is a systematic forward design flow system filled with all dimensions of the forward design three-dimensional space as shown in FIG. 17, Each level and every corner of the process system is based on systems engineering, that is, the process of system engineering technology process, technology management process area, protocol process area and the organization of the project to enable the process of the process under the domain (Figure 24) will be applied In this set of positive design flow system.
3.2.1 System dimension on the main process
The first is the main process on the system dimension, the system lifecycle model and its associated management processes, to ensure that the organization does the right thing, which is the dimension of an object oriented to external customers and focused on the products or services delivered to the customer. The Systems Engineering Handbook presents life-stage models such as ISO / IEC / IEEE 15288, the US Department of Defense's equipment acquisition integrated management framework, NASA, the US Department of Energy, typical high-tech commercial system integrators, and typical high-tech commercial system manufacturers It is possible to select or tailor the appropriate type of study according to the type of research object (such as technology, product, solution, business and its combination) and system level (system, system, subsystem, component / Life cycle phase process template in Figure 24. In addition to the life cycle model management process under the organization project enablement process area, the portfolio management process and infrastructure management process under this process area, as well as the procurement process and supply under the protocol process area Process, a total of five processes in the system dimension.
Figure 25 is a closed-loop, business-oriented approach that takes the holistic solution (combining technology, products, solutions, and business) as the research target for internal business operations, from market requirements to technical research and development, to product portfolio, and finally to solution delivery Figure 26 is a closed loop formed by the business requirements development, definition, traceability and solution development and delivery, corresponding to the entity V model in Figure 6 (ignoring the red, green and yellow reverse arrows in the figure) Instantiation on the system dimension is also a refinement from the perspective of business requirements and solutions in Figure 25. Figure 27 is a list of inputs, outputs, and activities for a business or mission analysis process in the new INCOSE System Engineering Handbook that is collectively addressed The scenario adoption process for business requirements development is a sub-process of Figure 26. Figure 28 is an integrated management framework for technology development and product development based on the IPD methodology, which is equivalent to the refinement in Figure 25 from the perspective of technology development and product development.
Figure 24 defines the system engineering process in ISO / IEC / IEEE 15288 '27, 28 '
Figure 25 Business Operations Closed-loop '11' Delivered from Market Demand to Solution
Figure 26 Business Needs Development, Definition, Traceability and Solution Development, Deliver Closed-loop '31 '
Figure 27 business or mission analysis process '28'
Figure 28 Technology Management and Product Development Integrated Management Framework '29'
3.2.2 Logical dimension of the auxiliary process
Followed by the logical dimension of the secondary process, the core process of system engineering, to ensure that the organization to do the right thing, which is oriented toward the internal organization, focusing on the implementation and control of the system engineering process dimension .Figure 24 System Engineering Technology Process Area Under the 14 process and technology management process domain in addition to information management outside the seven processes, a total of 21 processes in the logical dimension on Figure 6. The entity V model (ignore the red, green and yellow reverse arrows in the figure) The core engine flow of each process in the system engineering process area. The last three processes in the process area (operation, maintenance, scrap) are themselves instantiated applications of the physical V model (Figure 29).
Figure 29 Equipment Logistics Support Operation and Maintenance Based on System Engineering Process '30'
The three-dimensional three-dimensional double-V model is constructed by the recursive application of the entity V model at all levels of the system (Figure 30). The (entity) V model is not just a broken waterfall model or serial development process. The principle of multidimensional innovation, adding a dimension means completely changing the world perspective, and the V shape very accurately represents the system evolution from system decomposition to integration activities, making the system engineering process visual and easy to manage. Consider the system architecture And the system element entities generated by the parallel development of the dual-V model, two-dimensional variable three-dimensional, but also adds a dimension, reflects the system engineering process model by constantly evolving to the super-system to improve the ideal degree of the trend in addition to the system level Recursive applications, the dual V model can be instantiated on system characteristics such as reliability, security, assurance, etc., as well as applied to new product designs, existing product enhancements (including industrial redesign), and other forward designs Various business scenarios and troubleshooting troubleshooting scenarios can also be applied to evolutionary development, incremental development and other software development model '26'. Like traditional DFM / DFA, or DFAM as an important part of the new paradigm, and Design for Sustainability for eco-design and green manufacturing, they are all input requirements on the left half of the Entity V model to Entity V model and dual V model for the framework of the actual product development, and then to achieve the entity V model and dual V model of the application (Figure 31).
Fig. 30 Recursive application of double V model consisting of entity V and architecture V at system level '33'
Figure 31 system engineering entity V model can be instantiated on the whole system, the whole process, all the characteristics and the association between DFAM and other characteristics
The definition of forward design in Section 2 refers to three major goals of forward design: (1) enhancing the design and manufacturing integration capabilities of artificial physical systems, (2) enhancing the capability of independent innovation of enterprises, and (3) enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises and society Sustainability Capability These three goals are presented in a relationship that ultimately serves the ultimate goal of the design shown in Figure 10 - the sustainable development and evolution of a complex system of people, nature, and society - so that 'system-based The forward design flow system of engineering materials and process integration design methodologies for additive manufacturing should reflect and satisfy the business scenario and index system that the three major objectives of forward design are hierarchically decomposed, for example, A circular economy model of top-level goals for development that will be used in the forward design process - The top-level common metrics for eco-design and green manufacturing - Sustainable design and its last mentioned in Section 2.1.3 Several scenarios provide input of requirements.
Figure 32 Design Driven and Formed a virtuous circle of industrial systems - Circular Economy Model Example '34'
The overall process of design for additive manufacturing is shown in Figure 33. This process covers the process of product requirements analysis, architecture design, detailed design, etc. In practice, this guiding process needs to be integrated with the dual V model Systems Engineering Process Framework Figure 34 shows the design flow for additive-based manufacturing based on VDI 2221, a systematic German design for mechanical products, which can be considered as an example of the development of VDI 2221 in Figure 33. It is generally assumed that , VDI 2221 is a subset of VDI 2206 (Mechanical and Electrical Product Design Methodology), and VDI 2206 adopts Architecture V Model as a process framework for the development of electromechanical products (Figure 35). Design Methodology The German School of Systems and the United States Systems Engineering nearly half a century To work and accomplish the same goals in their respective fields, making the new paradigm of model-based systems engineering the centerpiece of the process framework and information platform for complex product development and life-cycle management.
A number of specialized sub-processes that underpin the top-level processes for additive manufacturing design described above, such as part consolidation and functional integration processes for industrial redesign (Figure 36), processes, materials, Part / product parallel design, MBSE-based system modeling, topology optimization and simulation and integration of the creation of a design process (Figure 37), additive manufacturing for the creation of the design process (Figure 38) Algorithms and CAD software generate conceptual solutions to provide input for topology optimization; it is an enabling technology for additive design, then forward / industrial redesign. The current hotspots for design and application, in addition to their combination with topology optimization, Including the combination of front end and MBSE.
Figure 33 Design Flow for Additive Manufacturing Design Flow '35'
Figure 34 Additive Manufacturing Design Flow Based on VDI 2221 '36'
Figure 35 German standard VDI 2206 electromechanical product design flow based on architecture V model '37'
Figure 36 Parts Integration and Function Integration Flow '38'
Figure 37 MBSE-based system modeling, topology optimization and simulation and design integration process example '39'
Figure 38 Design Creation Process for Additive Manufacturing '40 '
3.2.3 cognitive dimension of capacity-building
Finally, cognitive capacity building, DIKW cognitive flow reflects the sequence of increasing value of the intellectual hierarchy of people and organizations, and records the cognitive processes and results of subjective world cognition and transformation of the objective world, which is concerned with the growth of the organization itself This dimension includes both the management and transformation transitions of DIKW generated throughout the life of an artificial physical system as well as the use of existing DIKWs by individuals and organizations throughout the life cycle of an artificial physical system. The understanding of the system is deepening, and the accumulation of cognitive flows that form data → information → knowledge → wisdom is its own capacity-building (Figure 39). Figure 24 Information management processes in the technology management process area and the organization project enablement process area Under the knowledge management process, human resource management process and quality management process, a total of four processes in the cognitive dimensions.
Figure 39 DIKW cognitive flow '41'
In the cognitive dimension, the DIKW frameworks, methods and tools can be applied to different levels by organizational structure and can also be applied to processes in the system dimension and logical dimension involving the system engineering management process area and the organization project enabling process area in Figure 24 , And also can be used to integrate, analyze, excavate and display different types of data such as engineering massive data, industrial big data and internet big data according to four levels of DIKW, and apply them to the management, integration and coordination of product model data for application in Knowledge management, knowledge engineering, various professional databases / knowledge base construction, and even business intelligence and strategic decision-making applied to group companies etc. In the future, distributed manufacturing and ubiquitous manufacturing will be realized by technologies such as additive manufacturing, cloud computing and internet of things , Social manufacturing and other near-zero marginal cost of production mode will form a smart economy for the cyberspace under the framework of DIKW Figure 40 shows an example of DIKW framework in the field of manufacturing.
Figure 40 DIKW frame in the manufacturing area application example '42'
Compared with the traditional manufacturing model with the core of subtractive material technology, the process fusion and distributed cloud manufacturing model with additive manufacturing as the core also needs the support of DIKW framework and relevant method tools such as big data, internet of things, etc. Figure 41 shows Example of Data Layer Services for Cloud Design and Manufacturing Model for Additive Manufacturing.
Figure 41 Example of Data Layer Services in Cloud Design and Manufacturing Mode for Additive Manufacturing '43'
4 Method Tools (How-2)
Here we focus on several methodological tools that play a common fundamental role in the technical architecture of Figure 19.
4.1 system thinking
The ideas of value, function, and energy mentioned in Section 2.1.3, as well as some of the method tools enumerated, are concrete applications of system thinking. Here we add a bit more - in the hierarchy of systems engineering called hierarchy: SoS ) - Hyper-System - System - Subsystem; Material Science is Scaled: Macroscopic - Mesoscopic - Microscopic. Hierarchical point of view refers to the subject of the relationship (systems engineering, mathematics), the method tools can be applied across levels ; The subject matter (physics, chemistry, materials, etc.) of a certain type of subject matter can only be applied on a certain scale (Figure 42).
Figure 42 Systemic thinking, system modeling, and system verification across scales '44 '
4.2 Problem Solving
The problem-solving thinking is a global way of thinking that runs through the whole solution at all levels, in all directions and details everywhere. The typical tools are system engineering and TRIZ. Systematic engineering is to ensure that complex things are done, done, and done quickly Is to solve the problem of organizational creativity; TRIZ theory comes from the analysis and refinement of the achievements of mankind's technological innovation and invention, and solves the problem of individual creativity, both of which face the problem and adopt a systematic and standardized The problem-solving process is extremely innovative and complements and complements each other in our overall solution (and many other applications) (Figure 43, Figure 44).
Figure 43 system engineering perspective to solve the problem '45'
Figure 44 TRIZ theoretical perspective to solve the problem '46'
The problem solving should be combined with the system thinking and mathematical thinking to establish the boundary awareness and limit awareness, and provide theoretical support for the overall solution. Taking artificial intelligence as an example, we proceed from the status quo and the future of the solution to the business needs scenarios, AI technology for a calm and objective analysis (Figure 45), welcome the smart technology-related solutions to enhance the overall solution.
Figure 45 From the system thinking and mathematical thinking to see the boundaries of artificial intelligence '47'
4.3 Data Collaboration
As shown in Figure 2, according to the TRIZ theory to improve the trend of system completeness and to improve the ideal trend of the proposed additive manufacturing, material manufacturing, biomimetic manufacturing, micro-nano manufacturing and gradient materials, smart materials and other new technologies, new materials, new In order to get out of the ivory tower and get the scale and benefit of industrial application, the technology also needs the support of the information method and method.In addition to the various stages involved in the process of Section 3.2, the key platforms and tools required for each step are From microscopies to macroscophers Platforms and tools related to the generation, management and collaboration of (product, material, process, test, etc.) data Focus here on data management and collaboration platforms related to additive manufacturing Additive Manufacturing Digital Master Information Generation The map is shown in Figure 46.
Figure 46 Additives to create digital mainline information to generate the map '48'
Drafted by NIST, approved by ASTM and ISO, the ASIMA and ANSI-issued additive manufacturing standards system is shown in Figure 47. The new AP242 (3D model based on managed model) in the STEP standard (ISO 10303) and AP238 (Integrated Numerical Control Machining) also enhances support for additive manufacturing products, process and process data representation.
Based on the digital mainline, the digital twins that enable additive manufacturing can be implemented (Figure 48), with the help of digital surrogates to implement the trend of increased controllability and system integrity mentioned in the TRIZ theory (Figure 8), which in turn is based on the STEP / PLCS standard Distributed manufacturing supply chain synergies and additions and subtractions and other technologies cloud manufacturing model (Figure 49).
Figure 47 Additive Manufacturing Standard System '49'
Figure 48 Digital Mainline-Based Additive Manufacturing Digital Twins '50'
Figure 49 An example of a cloud manufacturing model based on the STEP standard data model collaboration technology such as additive and material reduction
5 Conclusion
Increasing the level of idealism is an evolutionary goal for all artificial physical systems and their associated human design, manufacturing and even industrialization activities, both in the forward design and in the overall solution (Figure 50).
Figure 50 Overall Solution Capability Maturity Level Frame
The new system engineering manual mentions two requirements when it comes to the concept of enterprise: An enterprise must do two things: '37'
(1) develop things within the enterprise to serve as either external offerings or as internal mechanisms to enable achievement of enterprise operations;
(2) transform the enterprise itself so that it can most effectively and efficiently perform its operations and survive in its competitive and constrained environment.
These two conditions into Chinese is: to create value, achievements of others, while becoming better ourselves.This is also the essence of enterprise as the organization to understand, that is, entrepreneurship + innovation.Based on forward design and additive manufacturing of high-end research and development and The advanced manufacturing of total solutions is our latest interpretation of the original and vision of "promoting lean spirit and creating a smart industry."
The relationship between additive manufacturing and traditional manufacturing can be analogized to the relationship between classical physics and atomic physics, and the future development of additive manufacturing will surely have broad and far-reaching prospects, such as atomic physics and quantum physics.Advanced manufacturing technology based on additive thinking System is China's manufacturing transformation and upgrading of the 'second window of opportunity', making it possible for us to overtake. Additive thinking is a return to the nature of the design, to break the mindset, the freedom to release design and stimulate creativity in the revolution ; This revolution is not just a revolution in manufacture, it is also a design revolution aimed at not only product development designers but a wider audience; this revolution will revolutionize creativity education and engineering education in all fields at all levels And then forbid the change of the conservative mentality of fear of innovation, clear the cultural and psychological barriers for the reconstruction of positive design theory and practice based on systems engineering, and provide a steady stream of reserve personnel.
The overall solution is born out of an innovative business model that optimizes the allocation of resources globally and provides a solution to the design and manufacturing integration in the "Made in China 2025" (Figure 51), including both current manufacturing-focused product quality and manufacturing innovations Industrial transformation and upgrading of the entry point and breakthrough and industrialized remedial solution - industrial redesign, but also from academia to industry long-term, dynamic and systematic reconstruction of the theory and practice of positive design, so as to enhance the physical System design and manufacture of integrated capabilities and ability of independent innovation for manufacturing transformation and upgrading of the overtaking to provide successful protection (Figure 52).
Figure 51 An Shiya Asia-Pacific Lean R & D and high-end R & D and advanced manufacturing solutions based on forward design and additive manufacturing Position 51 in promoting the implementation of "Made in China 2025"
Figure 52 Distribution of Patents Related to Additive Manufacturing by Country (Source: USPTO and WIPO) '52'
Thanks
Thank you, General Manager Ying Ying, Hangzhou Dendis Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd. for their guidance to this article. Thank you Zhang Xiajun, Yang Yi Jie, Bao Gangqiang and Hu Pei for their contributions to this article.
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