2017 China Sugarcane Mechanization Exposition just ended a week or so, while the industry insiders on China's sugarcane harvest what kind of mechanical discussion is still going on.
At the fair, nearly 20 companies exhibited about 30 sets of sugarcane harvesters, covering almost all types of sugarcane use in our country.
From the manufacturer, there are large-scale foreign high-end products, such as Deer, Case of sugar cane harvester; also have large domestic products, such as Zoomlion, Liugong and other enterprises of sugar cane harvester; There are a variety of domestic small sugar cane harvester .
From the machine structure, the working principle of view, there are cut stalk laying style, there is whole stalk, but also cut-type; simple structure, short body tracker, there are luxurious configuration, driving wheel comfort ; There are self-loading and unloading of the machine, but also side of the edge of the unloading combination machine.
China's sugar cane harvesting machinery in the development has gone through nearly 50 years of history, there is a deep historical accumulation.So high-end sugar cane harvester in the structural layout has been little different, but small products have their own characteristics.
Although we have made tremendous efforts in the research and development of sugarcane harvesting machinery, according to authoritative statistics, at present we have only 500 large and medium-sized sugar cane harvesters in Taiwan, with a machine yield of only 0.3%.
Some people say that the introduction of ready-made foreign large-scale sugar cane harvester can quickly enhance the level of mechanization of harvesting, but I believe that although mechanized harvesting is an inevitable trend of industrialization of sugar cane, but according to the actual situation of China's sugar cane production, imported machinery alone Not the fundamental problem, because a variety of influencing factors complicated.
The urgency of mechanized harvesting
Sugar cane is the main source of sugar raw materials in our country to ensure the safety of sugar is a national strategy.In recent years, the cost of sugar cane production gradually increased, the cost of artificial harvest has accounted for half of the total cost of sugar cane machinery planting and harvesting has become China's bottleneck in the development of sugar cane production, sugar cane harvest It is the most labor-intensive, the worst part of the environment.Artificial harvest day only about 1t sugar cane.
At present, China's rural labor force is lacking and young and middle-aged migrant workers go out to work, which are basically the elderly and women farming. The slow harvesting of sugarcane by hand makes the time span of sugarcane lengthening. In addition, climate change, traditional festivals and other crops spring seeding will affect sugarcane harvesting .
In addition, artificially harvested sugar cane, cut the quality of good and bad, leading sugar crackers, broken slot, stop the phenomenon from time to time, can not operate at full capacity, unlimited extension of the crop, the latter part of the sugar yield decreased significantly, serious waste.
Mechanized harvesting has become an urgent requirement for improving sugar cane production capacity and is also an inevitable trend for the development of sugar cane industry.
In Liuzhou, Guangxi Guizhong Siyuan 'double high' base, 1000hm2 (15000 acres) of sugar cane field, in previous years the crop requires 600 labor to receive sugarcane, and now a machine can harvest 100t a day.The average harvest cost can be controlled at 30 ~ 40 yuan / t, than the manual harvest cost savings of 50 to 60 yuan / t.
The benefits of mechanized harvesting of sugarcane also lies in cutting the sugar cane just after cutting the blade into the soil, can reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, increase the generation of ratoon cane, seedling strong and easy to lodging .Clear the shredded cane leaves after harvesting, can increase soil organic Ingredients, improve sugar cane production in the coming year.
Pros and cons of various models
Mechanized harvesting of sugarcane is typically chopping (evenly sprinkled onto the side of the harvested sugarcane plot) → stripping the leaves (done during feeding, conveying and cutting) → cutting (overwhelming the rollers to overpower the cane in place and then cutting) → Removal of impurities (excrement of waste such as peel, leaf and shoots to the side of the harvested sugarcane plot) and loading (loading sugarcane sections into the skip by means of elevator, etc.).
At present, more mainstream sugar cane planting areas are cut-type harvesting machines, other types of models also have a small amount of applications, or in the pilot demonstration stage.
Cut-type harvester
China's sugar cane harvesting technology and more imported from abroad, and mostly cut-type harvesters abroad, so China's market is also based on cut-type sugarcane harvester.
Although the high content of sugarcane after cuttings is difficult to harvest in wet weather and must be squeezed within 24h, otherwise it will produce mildew or reduce the quality of products and other defects, but because of segmental harvesting machine operation process to assist the labor-less , It is still the choice of field sugarcane farmers.
In addition, the cut sugarcane harvester has a good harvesting effect on severe lodging sugarcane, which is very suitable for the areas where the climate is warm and the sugarcane leaves are not needed for heat preservation, water retention, fertilizer conservation, large plots, and lodging of sugarcane.
2. Whole stalk harvester
Whole stalk harvester operating efficiency is higher, more suitable for China's main producing areas of sugarcane hilly slope of the geographical environment, in the rainy season when the harvesting machine can not work, this model can be normal operation. Sugarcane has the advantages of convenient transportation, less impurities, low loss, high sugar yield and long storage time.
Due to many advantages, in fact, some domestic enterprises began to develop whole-straw harvesters 20 years ago. However, the technical and operational performance of many products still needs to be improved and improved.
Moreover, the entire stalk harvester there can not be harvested serious lodging of sugarcane lodging and the need to manually remove the flaws, many sugarcane farmers do not like to use.
Other types of harvesters
Expo most prominent feature of all types of models is the widespread use of hydraulic transmission technology, the hydraulic motor has become a commonly used drive components.All the entire stalk or cut segment models are single ridge harvest, but the supporting power and its own quality difference pole Large, with 55.1kW (75hp), more 275.6kW (375hp), but mostly at 147kW (200hp) or so.
Sugarcane mechanized operation demonstration held in the same period of the Expo found that various models performed differently.
Sugarcane growth is not standardized, more than one machine does not affect the cutting tip; all kinds of different machine structures, especially the fan structure is different, resulting in significantly inconsistent with the impurity rate indicators, containing mainly the first section and broken leaves more.
Harvesting losses caused by individual models, including lodging sugarcane not entering the machine and sugarcane segments that fall into the ground after entering the machine, are up to one meter in surface area. The peasant households do not have too high a requirement for the broken head rate, Can be.
On-site operation, the laying of a single chopsticks harvester operation fastest, but also need to strip leaves cut tip; whole stem harvested bent stalks and shizhao poor; short fuselage structure of a simple machine operation slow; since Dumping machinery needed auxiliary equipment, while the edge of the dumping machinery into the ground difficult, slope risk.
Ubiquitous problem is that the cutting device to adjust the inconvenience, the height of the growth of sugarcane is difficult to control the length of a reasonable cut tip; header adjustable poor, resulting in missing stubble, breaking the high rate.
In the recent 20 years, domestic and foreign enterprises have actively participated in the research and development of sugarcane harvesting machinery and vigorously developed harvesters with Chinese characteristics.For example, Case New Holland set up a sugar cane harvesting machine factory in Foshan, Guangdong Province, Zoomlion 8 Taiwan sugar cane harvester delivered to customers.
Especially in recent years, there has been a lot of progress in the research and manufacture of domestic sugar cane harvesters, and the general trend is that domestic sugar cane harvesting machinery is maturing, machine harvesting alternative artificial harvesting is available, but supply of high efficiency harvesters is still insufficient.
Agricultural machinery, agronomy, sugar factories have their own constraints
China's sugarcane planting area is dominated by the hilly arid slopes, with complex topography, small scattered scattered cacti fields, large slope, more stones and poor tractor road.
Most cane area is uneven, stalks are not straight, there is no machine farming, resulting in harvesters simply can not get in. Only when the sugar cane planting varieties, planting line spacing and mechanization of harvest adapted to the line spacing is correct, sugar cane will be in the machine to ensure the quality of harvest .
At the same time, the sugarcane planting area should cultivate and introduce the sugarcane varieties that are suitable for the mechanized harvesting of main sugarcane growing areas in our country, regulate the planting standards suitable for mechanized harvesting, integrate the land resources, construct the field roads suitable for mechanized harvesting and expand the mechanized harvesting scale.
At present, Guangxi Province, according to the requirements of the 'Double High Base' specification, sugarcane growers are fixed according to the standard with a fixed width and breadth spacing of 80, 135-140 and 150 cm. In addition, through different varieties of maturity, Arrangements to ensure sugar production efficiency and income levels, in order to improve efficiency.
Sugarcane farmers on the requirements of mechanized harvest is relatively simple, as long as the crop does not lose cane stalk, do not move the cane root, bin with less miscellaneous.
Therefore, only agricultural agronomic integration, cultivate more appropriate mechanization and lodging of varieties, full mechanization of sugarcane can accelerate.
The sugar cane industry chain processing sector - sugar mills, mechanized harvest of sugar cane also has special requirements.
Most of China's sugar mills are in the way of artificially harvesting whole stalks into the plant, the use of whole stalks sugar production process is basically curing the current mode of production of sugar can not guarantee the cut sugar cane along with pressing, cut cane and Does not meet the sugar production process.
However, at present, the mainstream technology of sugarcane machinery harvesting is cut-type harvesting, in order to reduce the loss of sugar content, cut-type harvest sugarcane need to be squeezed into the plant within 24 hours, therefore, the new harvesting, transportation, How to establish the need for research, so that harvesting and processing can quickly and organically.
Although the mechanical harvesting rate higher than the artificial high, but as long as the reasonable deduction of impurities in sugar mills, to promote the production of sugar cane machine will not cause much impact.
It is reported that the domestic sugar refinery will be fully restructured, the policy is unprecedentedly good. The market will be fully liberalized, sugar mills can achieve cross-zone closing sugarcane so that the monopoly in the past will be broken, the sugar can not be forced to choose only to accept the whole industry Of sugarcane, which is largely conducive to promoting sugarcane mechanical harvest as soon as possible.
Technology development trend
Common failures of sugarcane harvesters include loss of sugarcane, high impurity content, and a drop in engine speed. The problems to be solved are to improve reliability and enhance adaptability.
Such as improving the sensitivity of the cutting device, as much as possible to cut more cut thin stems; on the growth of bending, lodging severe cane, stronger adaptability at harvest; sugarcane planting areas using mechanical to prevent missing stubble, breaking high ; Sugarcane Ridge straight, to ensure the stability of the harvester and harvesting effect, while helping the next year, the growth of perennial sugarcane, cut at the Department to reduce the phenomenon of torn bifurcation; miscellaneous.
The future of product development should be intelligent (fault diagnosis, identification of field stones, boxes with mixed alarm, etc.), automation (automatic line, automatically adjust the sugarcane sugarcane height, automatically adjust the fan speed, etc.) Development, reduce the labor intensity of the hand, to ensure the harvest performance and improve the quality of operations.Development of the machine in rainy day work, in order to improve the effective utilization of harvesters.
For the tipper, due to the current level of growth of sugarcane plants, so the crop can only be the average height of the cane position at any time to adjust, but in a considerable number of plots, sugar cane plant height growth disproportionate to two Sideways tilt too much, the use of the tip is not practical effect. The future design of the tip, the top height and the direction of rotation of crop according to field crop varieties and growth should be able to choose the correct set and use of cut tip can reduce access Material impurities in the car.
Sugarcane and cane roller rotation direction should be the opposite, so that the adjacent lines can be effectively separated from each other cane sugar.If the side knife can be arranged to cut the intertwined cane leaf to prevent the lodging of sugarcane root uprooting during the push. Height from the ground should be adjusted independently to ensure the harvest effect and prevent the soil into the bottom knife.
The correct position is just the top of the ski boots into the earth can lift up the lodging of cane into the cutting, while the top of the ski boots just leave the surface soil can be less mud into the machine.Foot up the sugarcane cut off the speed is not easy too fast, or easy to produce pull Root phenomenon.
Overwhelm the height of the drum should also be adjusted according to the height of lodging cane, straight stalk rise, down stalk to reduce too high impact cutting and feeding, too low is the cane stalk broken or uprooted.
When the bottom knife height is not set correctly, it will cause uneven cutting and cause the bottom root to be loose or uproot even when the bottom knife just enters the surface soil when the job is cut off, which is not easy to cause broken head due to the crowded soil around the cane root, Cutting head is easy to wear and cutting resistance is large, too high and easy to break the head and affect the yield. The height of the bottom knife if set pressure and height sensor can guarantee automatic control.
Feeding roller group will cut off the process of conveying the sugar cane back to the earth to complete the impurity, cut off the cylinder to ensure that the cutting is not blocking the blade must be sharp, which has great benefits to remove impurities and reduce the loss of sugar.
Exhaust fan should remove the leaves and soil on the cane segments to a maximum extent, including removing the sweet segments without the sweet juice, which requires that the fan speed should be greater than the tip segment and less than the flotation speed of the sweet stalk segment.The air velocity should be adjusted, To adapt to different proportion of sugarcane festival.
The elevator and the extractor can further remove debris and dirt, so that the material entering the storage cart is a relatively clean sweet cane field.Field transportation has a great influence on the harvesting efficiency, so the transportation trolley is required to be of low quality and flexible, For cane row spacing, tire shape is not easy to crush cane roots.
Development model
Large foreign high-end sugar cane harvester, moving on small slopes of poor mobility, sugarcane farmers feel not applicable; combined with the expensive, farmer's economic level is difficult to bear.
For the time being, the special small-sized harvester classified by process is the most practical and most popular with small-scale sugar cane farmers.
Therefore, domestic and foreign enterprises in the development of large sugar cane harvester at the same time, should also be concerned about the small series of sugar cane harvesting unit.This unit can be a number of simple harvesters, small self-propelled sugar cane leaf peeling machine and supporting the shipping device, cane farmers According to the need to choose a variety of different combinations.
In short, given the actual situation of China's current sugar cane production, relying on imported harvesters alone can not solve the problem of mechanization of sugar cane harvesting, and at a certain stage, sugarcane harvesting should be a development mode in which minicomputers, split-section and whole-stem models coexist.