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1. The transistor was born 70 years, looking back to China's IC to the road;
Time: December 16, 1947
Diary number: 38139-7 '
70 years ago, when physicist Walter Bratton wrote down his experimental diary as usual, he did not expect an era to open.
The protagonist of this experiment is a semiconductor amplifier that is shorter and thicker than a matchstick, and later it was named a point contact transistor.
Click-to-contact transistors became the first key to humanity's opening of the transistor gates, a revolution in information technology sweeping the globe.
70 years later, the transistor has become almost ubiquitous.Human brick and tile to build a virtual world.We still have not found a substitute for the transistor, the integrated circuit based on it, will also be long-term human rely.
The advent of transistors, the forerunner of human microelectronics revolution
Before the birth of the transistor, people already had a tube, or vacuum tube.
Tube with signal amplification, but the problem of a basket - low life, bulky, poor reliability.
So one hopes to find a device to replace the tube, and Bell Labs, part of AT & T, has become the pioneer in finding ways to go.
Founded in 1925, Bell Labs is the largest industrial laboratory in the world, with 2,000 technicians among the 3,600 staff members.
In July 1945, near the end of World War II, in order to adapt to the post-war research directions, Bell Labs restructured each research department.
The reorganization, the physical department set up three research groups, one of which is the Solid State Physics Research Group.This group is divided into two groups of semiconductors and metallurgy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Dr. Shockley concurrently semiconductor team leader.He The group's research plan for the development of 'semiconductor amplifier'.
Semiconductor refers to the conductive properties at room temperature between the conductor and insulator materials, such as silicon and germanium, is a common semiconductor materials.
Wei Shaojun, director of the Institute of Microelectronics at Tsinghua University, said that to understand the working principle of a transistor, one can imagine a dam's sluice.
When the dam gate closed, no water out, the hydroelectric generator can not generate electricity; when the gate is open, the water gushed out, the hydroelectric generator can output current. 'Gate opening and closing directly affect the operation of the hydro-generator, which is With a weak signal, to control a strong signal. 'The basic principle of the transistor, is' amplification', with a small current to control high current.
Bell Labs has a long history of transistor design, and the birth of the transistor is the result of long-term accumulation. From the point of view of ownership of the Nobel Prize, the honor eventually gives three individuals - Shockley, Bratton and Budding.
December 16, 1947, placed in front of Bratton and Budding, is a multi-improved, built on the germanium crystal device.Ge germanium crystal surface, with a spring pressed on both sides wrapped with gold foil Triangular plastic wedge on both sides of the gold, is the signal input and output.
That's it, in that day's experiment, successfully amplified 30% output power and 15 times the output voltage.
Measured in modern standards, the prototype of the touch transistor is too simple and clumsy, but it is undeniable that it is the forerunner of the human microelectronics revolution.
Behind it, there are bipolar, unipolar transistors and silicon transistors come out one after another.
'From mobile computing to intelligent computing, all the changes of the present era are inseparable from the electronic information system, transistors, which is one of the most basic devices.' 'Wei Shaojun said the transistor in the information revolution, as ironware in the agricultural revolution, as Steam engine in the industrial revolution, 'its importance can not be overemphasized.'
China started late, still behind
The transistor should be used to do more, but only if it is small enough.
How to find a way to connect efficient transistors, wires, and other devices? Around 1958, two young Americans in their 30s in the United States each came up with their own solutions - the integrated circuits we are familiar with today.
If we say that the birth of the transistor is the butterfly flapping its wings, then China, far away from the ocean, also keenly smelled the signal of the storm coming.
China's start is not late in the mid 50s of last century, just as China began the implementation of the first five-year plan.The semiconductor science and technology by the party and the government attaches great importance to .1956, without technical information and complete equipment , Our country successfully developed the first batch of semiconductor devices - germanium alloy transistor.In 1965, China also has integrated circuits.
'Speaking of the first generation of semiconductor people in our country, it is really remarkable.' 'Ye Tianchun, director of Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, said with emotion,' they returned home with knowledge, developed their own equipment, prepared their own materials, Completely self-made.
The first 20 years, China's IC and the international gap is not large; but in the second 20 years, the road began to twists and turns.
The difference is not technology, but industry.A country that has not yet completed industrialization has just come out of the era of planned economy and it is not yet known how to organize large-scale commodity production. At this moment, it is even more difficult to further develop high-tech industries More difficult.
Industry development is not up, technology research and development are also struggling, into a vicious circle.Ye Tianchun remember that in 1986 when he just entered the IC line, the entire industry is in a painful transition period.We are still learning to produce high-quality low-cost bulk products , Groping in chaos.
The eighties and nineties of last century, the international IC industry began to take off. 'This is the difference between the stages of national development, there is nothing to complain.'
The real turning point happened in 2008.
That year, the state science and technology major projects started. "The core electronic devices, high-end general-purpose chips and basic software products," "very large-scale integrated circuit manufacturing equipment and complete sets of technology," and other special points are integrated circuits. 5 years later, the technology reserves to To a certain extent, increase industry input, it was put on the agenda.
In 2014, the State Council released the "Outline for Promoting the Development of the National Integrated Circuit Industry" and set up the National Industry Investment Fund. "The effect suddenly appeared. Why can it be so fast? Because the technology system has been established to support the rapid development of the industrial system Ye Tianchun concluded, 'This is a combination of punches, is perfect.'
It is time to fight the big battle
In January 2017, the United States, where the transistor was born, targeted a Chinese in a report.
The U.S. Presidential Science and Technology Advisory Committee said that China's chip industry has posed a serious threat to the U.S. related businesses and national security. It is suggested that the U.S. president order a more rigorous examination of China's chip industry.
Why? China's IC industry in the world accounted for a very small scale, be regarded as 'small transparent', even if there are some cross-border mergers and acquisitions, but the transaction volume is not enough to see, as to cause such a high alert?
'Because behind the capital is our own real technical system and industrial system to do the support,' Ye said, 'They think, once developed, they can not be stopped.We have the core competitiveness, people are afraid.'
In fact, China's integrated circuits have always been in the international suppression and containment in the survival of the industry is still in its infancy, there is 'Paris Co-ordinating Association' on China's new technologies and new equipment to block the embargo.When the last century Following the disintegration of the Paris Co-ordination Association in the late 1980s, the WATSCO continued to impose restrictions on China's emerging technologies and emerging industries. They only allowed the release of integrated circuit technology and equipment lagging behind the economically developed countries for two generations.
'Western countries are a little bit nervous.' "Wei Shaojun's view is slightly different:" It is not easy for China to win the battle for integrated circuits. "The development of the integrated circuit industry requires a globalized industrial environment, which requires huge investment and a large amount of talent This can not be accomplished in one go.
Statistics from the China Semiconductor Industry Association show that in 2016, China's IC industry sales reached 433.55 billion yuan, an increase of 20.1% over the previous year, the growth rate can be considered as "triumph." However, Wei Shaojun reminded that more than 400 billion yuan Of sales, but also includes the contribution of foreign investors in China. 'In fact, our own ability is quite limited.' He judged that China's own production of integrated circuits, can meet about 1/4 of domestic demand.
Technically speaking, the latest integrated circuit technology in our country is one generation to two generations behind the latest technology in the world, but Ye Tichun believes that the intergenerational difference entangled in this latest technology is a misunderstanding and does not make much sense .
For example, the 55nm, 40nm and 28nm chips, which are still in mass production today, have been in the market for almost 10 years, but they have not exited the stage of history because of the smaller die.
'ICs are indeed shrinking in size quickly, but they are not a complete replacement for the generation of the next generation. Each generation of technology has a life cycle of about 10 years.' "Ye said that the three generations of 55, 40 and 28 nanometer packages in China have been developed Success and mass production, and more advanced 22,14 nm pilot technology breakthrough in research and development, formed its own intellectual property rights. "The so-called catch-up, but also without the need to fully exceed in all fields, as long as China's integrated circuits can support The development of informatization and intelligence in our country can be. '
To be sure, this transistor-based information revolution will deepen and reform the human society more deeply. "In the future, the importance of the chip only increases." Wei Shaojun emphasized.
Looking back, Ye Tianchun often said that "inheritance." One generation of semiconductor people's temper, only China's situation today.
What is the situation today? He looked up, looking afar, with a smile. 'Can fight the battle .We have the ability to' war ', although the capacity is limited, but before the big difference. It is only a question of time sooner or later. "(Reporter Zhang Gailun) Science and Technology Daily
2. Le Xin introduced support for Apple HomeKit new SDK;
Set micro-grid news, Leixin recently introduced support for Apple HomeKit Software Development Kit (SDK) .New SDK based on ESP32 and developed, fully integrated Apple HomeKit protocol. ESP32 is Le Xin latest flagship chip, since the market has become One of the most popular chips in the industry, users can quickly select ESP32 chips and develop HomeKit applications with the new SDK.
SDK supporting Apple HomeKit combined with ESP32 chip to provide users with a fast and friendly development experience.At the same time, SDK fully integrates with HomeKit and LUXIN powerful encryption function, 'double insurance' mechanism to ensure product development and use of security .
Key features of this version of the SDK include:
The user API provides common application examples independently of the communication transmission, so that users can rapidly develop and support user-defined accessories
Currently, LEXIN provides customers with SDKs that support Apple HomeKit in the form of GitLab. For customers who already have MFi certification experience or plan to join MFi certification, ESP32 chips can now be selected for solution design and LEXIN will provide you comprehensive Technical support, you can learn from Le Xin official website registration information contact business counseling.
3. Laoshan built in Qingdao Core Valley 2022 microelectronics industry scale up to 10 billion;
Yesterday, Laoshan District, Qualcomm (China) Holdings Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as 'Qualcomm') and Goer Co., Ltd. signed the 'Silicon Valley · Qualcomm · Goal Joint Innovation Center' (hereinafter referred to as 'Joint Innovation Center') ceremony.
Achieve four major areas of innovation
The Center for Innovation and Innovation will be located in Laoshan International Innovation Park, which will include two exhibition centers and two innovative laboratories: the exhibition center will serve as a display card for high-tech industries in Qingdao, demonstrating the world's leading technologies of Qualcomm and Goals and the latest Application cases to help double-hit enterprises in Qingdao to understand the world's latest technology and market trends for more companies to join double intelligent terminal development and expansion of ideas; innovative laboratory equipped with advanced test equipment, relying on the United States Qualcomm's world-leading technology, Goer powerful R & D and industrial base, to provide qualified technical evaluation, early R & D guidance and system compatibility testing for double invasive enterprises to accelerate the development of dual invasive enterprises in intelligent terminal and related industries in the Internet of Things.
At the signing ceremony, representatives from Qualcomm and Goer introduced the company's development vision respectively, and Qualcomm, the world's leading wireless communications company and the world's largest fabless semiconductor company, led the global 3G, 4G and next generation wireless technologies , And lead the new era of intelligent interconnection through the fields of mobile computing, internet of things, automotive and artificial intelligence, etc. Goer is a leading global manufacturer of precision components and smart hardware. With its expertise in acoustics, sensors, MEMS, Components and VR / AR, intelligent audio, smart wearable, robots and other intelligent hardware has accumulated profound technical advantages, with leading vertically integrated capabilities and automated precision manufacturing capabilities, providing customers worldwide one-stop product solutions. Qualcomm in the field of intelligent hardware cooperation has been carried out for many years, such as in the field of VR, the two sides based on Qualcomm Snapdragon 820 and 835 mobile platform has jointly developed two VR one machine reference design platform, effectively improving the VR one machine industry's development speed .
Laoshan efforts to build Qingdao Core Valley
Qualcomm and Gore's brand influence and advanced technology help to gather industrial resources, attract technical talents, promote the development of upstream and downstream industries, and improve the industrial chain in Qingdao. The joint innovation center will help solve the "lack of core" problem in Qingdao Qingdao enterprises to provide chip applications, 5G, Internet of Things technology solutions to promote technological innovation in Qingdao. Qingdao will go all out to support the development of the United States Qualcomm and Gore in Qingdao, bigger microelectronics and smart hardware market cake, efforts Achieve a win-win business and local industry.
Qualcomm chairman Meng Pu introduced China in the future, Qualcomm will continue to strengthen cooperation with Goer and Qingdao in the field of intelligent terminals and things such as Internet cooperation, but also hope that the United Innovation Center to allow more double-hit enterprises in Qingdao benefit from , At home can understand the cutting-edge technology trends and access to strong support for innovation and entrepreneurship.
Song Jiang, president of Gore Co., Ltd. told reporters that the establishment of the joint innovation center will help promote the development of smart hardware ecosystem.Golle will play in the field of intelligent hardware and precision components in the technical advantages, research and development strength and Manufacturing experience, and actively promote the development of intelligent hardware and Internet of things with Qualcomm to create a win-win cooperation mode driven by innovation.
According to reports, Laoshan District, based on the local advantages, to create a 'northern coastal integrated economic zone microelectronics R & D Heights and Qingdao' core 'development goals' and strive to 2022, Laoshan District microelectronics industry scale reached 10 billion yuan.According to the national' Thirteen Five Year Plan "to foster the industrial system of integrated circuits, and to foster industries such as artificial intelligence, intelligent hardware, mobile intelligent terminals, 5G mobile communication technology, advanced sensors and wearable devices will become a new economic growth point. Not only is it a positive response to the country's 13th Five-Year Plan, it will also effectively promote the development of such industries as Qingdao's microelectronics, intelligent hardware industry and Internet of Things.
4. ICBC Nanjing together with Yongfeng Bank to support Nanjing IC industry;
On December 12, 'Financial Support for Nanjing IC Industry Symposium' was grandly held in the Sales Department of Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Jiangsu Branch. The seminar was organized by the Commercial Bank of China, Jiangsu Branch of the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China and co-organized by the Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited Invited the People's Bank of China, Nanjing IC Association, China Merchants Investment Management Group, Pukou Economic Development Zone, Cross-Strait Science and Industry Parks, Jiangbei New Research Institute Park and Yan Quan IC, Creative Electronics, Spreadtrum Semiconductor, Jiangsu core Ai Section Semiconductor, Hong Jie Semiconductor and other 20 business representatives attended.
At the meeting, Mr. Chen Jinhua, Deputy General Manager of Sales Office of Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Jiangsu Branch pointed out: 'The integrated circuit industry is the foundation and core of the modern electronic information industry and the basic, precursor and strategic industry that has a bearing on the overall national economic and social development. But also with our daily life.China has clearly put forward the establishment of self-controllable integrated circuit industrial system development strategy in the future, with the party's 19 in deepening supply-side structural reforms, speeding up the construction of an innovative country, the implementation of the rural rejuvenation Strategy, promote the formation of a new pattern of full opening up and a series of major deployments, the integrated circuit industry will usher in a period of important strategic opportunities and the golden period of development.
All along, ICBC attaches great importance to support the development of integrated circuit industry, as an important way to practice corporate social responsibility, and constantly broaden the channels of corporate finance, innovative service products, increase financial support for the integrated circuit industry, the entire chain provided Including a series of financial services such as payment, financing, deposit, settlement, wealth management, investment banking and annuity, effectively promoted the vigorous development of China's IC industry. In the future, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China will join hands with Yongfeng Bank to further integrate resources and provide our clients with More diverse, high-quality financial services. Yan Ting Nanjing Daily
5. Suzhou Nano Semiconductor SERS research progress
There is an element that constitutes 21% of the volume of the atmosphere in the form of elemental molecules and constitutes 48.6% of the total mass of the earth's crust as a chemical compound, which is oxygen, because of its active chemistry and its large electronegativity, Diversity: Oxygen has always been the darling of chemists since Lavoisier was discovered in 1777. Now again in the emerging semiconductor SERS field, its importance is once again evident.
70s of last century, the introduction of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), the introduction of precious metal substrate Raman detection sensitivity increased by a million times, to overcome the inherent weakness of traditional Raman spectroscopy and other shortcomings, Raman detection It has been widely used in food safety, environmental monitoring, life science and other fields and has rapidly grown to be one of the most sensitive on-site spectroscopy detection technologies for surface species. However, people are delighted but find it regrettable that SERS is only available in gold, silver, Copper and other precious metals only have a rough surface with high activity, which need to rely on the precious metal surface electromagnetic enhancement 'hot' effect, the choice of substrate is very limited; and practical application of this finely modulated material structure susceptible to environmental factors, the stability is unsatisfactory In fact, exploring new, high performance nonmetal substrates is one of the most important research directions in SERS technology.Especially in recent years semiconductor compounds have been proved to have SERS activity, and their rich variety and chemical composition have aroused great interest. However, such compounds as a generally lower SERS basal enhancement factor seems to be difficult to break through the research bottleneck. The performance of SERS is derived from the interaction between the probe molecule and its surface, including EM and CM. It is generally believed that the enhancement of SERS in the metal material is mainly due to the enhancement of the surface chemistry of the semiconductor compound It is precisely because of the different mechanisms that the design of semiconductor materials for SERS substrates should follow a completely different philosophy from the existing noble metal materials.
Recently, a research team led by Zhao Zhigang, a researcher at Suzhou Institute of Nanotechnology and Nanostructure Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, discovered that oxygen molecules can be used as the key to unlocking the treasures of SERS in semiconductor compounds. By utilizing the chemical composition of the compound, The stoichiometric composition of the metal compound or the surface lattice oxygen concentration to enhance the signal of the surface species of the non-(weak) SERS active material.
Under the guidance of this academic thought, the research team first selected its own oxygen-deficient W18O49 sea urchin-like nanoparticles as the SERS substrate and obtained excellent SERS performance with high sensitivity and low detection limit. This semiconductor material, first used as a SERS substrate, The detection limit of the molecule can be as low as 10-7M, and the surface oxygen deficiency concentration of W18O49 is further changed by reducing atmosphere (H2, Ar) to increase the SERS enhancement factor of the material to 3.4 × 105, which is the most reported performance In contrast, the stoichiometry has almost no SERS activity than WO3, indicating that oxygen defects have an important effect on the SERS performance of the semiconductor oxide.
With this being the case, Zhao Zhigang's team chose molybdenum sulfide (MoS2), a weakly chalcogenide that has weak SERS properties, since the removal of oxygen from the lattice is so important for the material SERS Semiconductor materials, the insertion of oxygen into their crystal lattices can be easily achieved by both substitution and oxidation.The results show that an appropriate amount of oxygen insertion can increase the SERS activity of molybdenum sulfide by 100,000 times, but excessive oxygen doping leads to large SERS activity In addition, the SERS performance of various compounds such as tungsten selenide, tungsten sulfide, molybdenum selenide and the like can be greatly enhanced by the oxygen insertion method, that is to say, the means of lattice oxygen regulation can improve the SERS performance of the semiconductor SERS Performance quite universal potential.
At this point, the enhancement effect of 'oxygen defect' and 'insertion oxygen' on the semiconductor SERS has been unified and the theoretical calculation results point to the same conclusion.The team of researchers applied the chemically amplified theoretical model to the semiconductor- Organic molecular system, it is found that the increase or decrease of lattice oxygen in semiconductor material can be used as an effective means to control its energy level structure. The 'oxygen defect' introduces deep energy level as 'bouncing plate' of electron transition, Increasing the electronic states near the band edge and narrowing the forbidden band; all these will significantly increase the possibility of electron transition in the semiconductor under laser excitation and further through the Vibronic Coupling effect on the charge transition between semiconductor-organic molecules (Charge Transfer), affecting the polarization of the organic molecules adsorbed on the substrate surface tension, thereby enhancing its Raman spectral response.
The above work proves that properly modulating the lattice oxygen in the semiconductor compound can be used as an effective means for significantly improving the SERS performance, breaking the limitation of the noble metal substrate in the conventional SERS technology and further widening the semiconductor compound as the base material in the SERS detection The results of a series of studies were published online at Nature Communications on Noble metal-comparable SERS enhancement from semiconducting metal oxides by making oxygen vacancies and Semiconductor SERS enhancement enabled by oxygen incorporation, respectively.
Research work by the National Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province outstanding youth fund,
Oxygen Defective W18O49 Nanoparticles as SERS Substrates Excellent Performance
Insert oxygen into MoS2 material website of Chinese Academy of Sciences