Russia, the predecessor of the Soviet Union, was the country with the highest annual output of tractors
First, the overview
Russia has a vast area divided into 18 regions with different climatic and farming conditions. At the end of the 20th century, Russia had a population of 148 million, of which 18.66 million were agricultural population, 9.78 million were agricultural laborers, 130.3 million hm2 were cultivated land, and per capita arable land was 0.881 hm2. Cultivated land area 13.3 hm2.
It can be said that Russia is a country rich in agricultural resources. Due to this unique natural condition, the agricultural machinery industry plays an important supporting role in Russian agriculture and its development has a direct impact on the status quo and future of the country's agricultural economy. Therefore, In Russia's national economy occupies a pivotal position.
Russia (former Soviet Union) Agricultural machinery industry has a long history and started production of crawler tractors in 1918. The production of wheeled tractors began in 1924. The production reached 51,000 units in the 1930s, the highest annual production of 133,000 units in the 1940s and the highest annual production in the 1950s 220,000 units, the 60's annual output is generally 230,000 to 440,000 units, the 70's annual output remained at 450,000 to 500,000 units into the 80's, the tractor production peaked, the annual output is generally 550,000 ~ 59 Between Taiwan, was the highest in the world.
Into the 90's, with the disintegration of the former Soviet Union, Russia's agricultural machinery industry a major reversal in 1998 compared with 1985, tractor output decreased by 96%, grain harvesters, plows, milking machines to reduce production of more than 99%, planting machinery 98% reduction in production, 98% reduction in ripper, 95% reduction in mowers, 83% reduction in forage harvesting machines, especially potato harvesters have been basically discontinued.
At the beginning of this century, 49.8% of the enterprises in the agricultural machinery industry in Russia lost money, the number of workers in the whole industry decreased by 60%, the depreciation rate of agricultural machinery was much higher than the supply of new products, 50% of the existing agricultural machinery had varying degrees of damage, and the average life span of various agricultural machines Has reached 27. Russia's agricultural machinery enterprises are facing a grim survival situation, in order to survive and develop, all enterprises have been generally restructuring.
At present, 93% of the agricultural machinery manufacturing enterprises carried out shareholding system reform.The share of the statutory total capital of the joint-stock enterprises, the Russian federal agencies and federal entities accounted for an average of 2.6% .For example, the joint holding company in Siberia established in the second half of 2000, Snowyarsk combine harvester factory, Altai tractor factory, Altay engine factory.
Among them, Krasnoyarsk and Altai and the government of Novosibirsk also share the shares, a model of a joint-stock company that emerges as a holding company is being promoted in the field of agricultural machinery manufacturing across Russia.
Second, production
Large-scale products is a prominent feature of Russian agricultural machinery
After the disintegration of the former Soviet Union, a series of changes have taken place in quantity and structure of agricultural machinery enterprises in Russia. In 1995, there were 195 agricultural machinery manufacturing enterprises, scientific research institutes and related units in the country, of which there were over 165 joint-stock companies.
The agricultural machinery industry is under the leadership of the Tractor and Agricultural Machinery Development Bureau of the Russian Machinery and Manufacturing Commission. However, the state agricultural machinery administration department has not directly interfered with the operation of the enterprise and only has its influence regulated through various economic policies, laws and regulations and state control.
The main tractor companies in Russia are Altai Tractor Factory, Chelyabinsk Tractor Factory, Cheboksar Industrial Tractor Factory, Lipetsk Tractor Factory, Vladimir Tractor Factory, Onega Tractor Factory, St. Petersburg Tractor factory, Volgograd tractor factory and so on.
In addition, the Russian tractor industry more well-known enterprises are Russia's tractor export company and the Russian 'tractor' company, the two companies were engaged in tractor export trade and domestic trade, and regularly released to Russia at home and abroad tractor industry, production and marketing situation, business development And market prices and other information.
With the disintegration of the former Soviet Union, the Russian agricultural machinery industry suffered heavy losses, agricultural machinery industry production fell sharply .1990s Russian tractor output was greatly alarmed, of which the lowest production in 1998 was only about 5% of 1991 production .Overall, In the 1990s, the output of tractors in Russia dropped drastically year by year, reaching the lowest point in 1998 and the output in 1999 rebounded.
The former Soviet Union's agricultural machinery industry has the following characteristics:
(1) Large-scale enterprises and high concentration of production The scale of the former Soviet Union agricultural machinery manufacturing enterprises is very large, ranging from a few hundred to a few tens of thousands. Each factory produces a relatively small variety of products and faces the national market. Although the number of products produced by several factories, but have a clear division of labor, production is highly concentrated.
Since the 1960s, the production of tractors in the former Soviet Union has surpassed that of the United States and ranks first in the world. From the very beginning, it has started to continually formulate and implement the five By the mid-1980s, the former Soviet Union had 1,888 agricultural technology and equipment, with an annual output of 550,000-595,000 tractors, and an annual output of more than 200,000 machines for plows, machine-planters and cultivators.
(3) The products are mainly large-scale ones. Due to abundant land resources and large average cultivated land area, most of the agricultural machinery produced in Russia are large-scale ones. Taking tractors as an example, the average power of tractors in the 1980s was 67.3 kW and nearly 90 in the 1990s kW.
(4) Begin to attach importance to the development of small-scale agricultural machinery After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, due to the rapid development of the individual sideline economy and small-scale family farms, Russia paid more attention to the research and production of small-scale farm machinery. Currently, the production of walking tractors and small four-wheel tractors Almost 20 species, several kinds of motorcycle carrier, supporting dozens of machines.
Third, the market
Medium-power tractors have become Russia's main selling products in recent years
In the 1990s, the cultivated area and cultivated area per unit area of tractors in Russia maintained a trend of decreasing year by year, and the reduction of tractor ownership was much faster than that of cultivated land and the shortage of tractors was increasing. Tractor gap close to 120,000 units.
At the same time, the tractor was damaged and the number of tractors was further increased as existing tractors were overused and over-commissioned.
It should be said that the potential demand for tractors from agricultural production in Russia is very large. However, due to the price gap between agricultural products and agricultural machinery, the low income of farmers and the serious debt burden of agricultural enterprises, the huge potential market is difficult to adequately Translate into reality need.
From the use, the Russian tractor products can be divided into three types of general-purpose, agricultural and skidding tractors, tractors for various uses accounted for the proportion of total production and sales were: general accounted for 40%, agricultural accounted for 47% , Tractor tractor accounted for 13% of agricultural tractors are the main products of the Russian tractor factory, affected by the transformation crisis of 90 years, the most serious agricultural tractor.
In the 1990s, the economic reform in Russia seriously affected the country's original rural economic structure. Large-scale state-owned and collective farms faced many difficulties. Small and medium-sized farms developed rapidly and their grain output exceeded half of Russia's total grain output. Therefore, high-power and high- Low-power tractors demand less, while medium-power models have more robust demand.
For example, the Volgograd tractor plant, which produces medium-power agricultural tractors, has accounted for nearly half of the total production and sales of agricultural tractors in Russia in recent years.
Fourth, scientific research
The perfect scientific research system left by the former Soviet Union played an important role in the recovery of Russian agricultural machinery industry
In the course of the development of agricultural mechanization in the former Soviet Union, a series of state-level research, test, use and repair of agricultural machinery and product development institutions were gradually established and scientific research systems for agricultural machinery of the republics were established. The development and development of agricultural machinery products positive effects.
After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, most of the former state-level scientific research institutes, experimental stations and design offices were all owned by Russia. The main research institutes included the National Institute of Tractor Science, the National Institute of Agricultural Machinery, the National Institute of Agricultural Machinery Manufacturing, and the Tacrolock Combine Harvester Machine National Professional Design Bureau, the Central Agricultural Experimental Station, the National Institute of Agricultural Mechanization and so on.
National Tractor Institute
Founded in 1925, the institute consists of a pilot plant, five branches and 29 research laboratories, including 9 laboratories for transmission such as chassis division, 11 laboratories for engine wear under the engine division, materials Section under the black and non-ferrous metals, such as eight laboratories; instrumentation Measurement Section has a measuring instrument, automated monitoring laboratory; In addition there are technical intelligence.
There are also four experimental stations in the institute, which are actually specialized scientific research institutes and test bases affiliated to the Institute, in which the research on the tractor test method is in charge of the Odessa test station. The Moscow suburban test station focuses on the stability of the tractor The driver's working conditions to improve the pilot study, the South Experimental Station to study the mountain and slope tractors, Ural Station focused on industrial tractor pilot study.
The main tasks are: ① domestic tractor research center. ② new prototype of the development of new tractor prototypes and parts, new materials ③ test tractors and their parts at home and abroad ④ develop tractor research plan ⑤ organize and participate in domestic Foreign academic exchanges.
National Institute of Agricultural Machinery
The institute was established in 1928. It has 50 pilot laboratories, a pilot plant, a computer center, an agricultural steel processing plant. It undertakes the rolling of agricultural machinery steel beams and generates research grants to finance income. The established fatigue life laboratory can be loaded by human-given curve, the simulation test can improve the test speed and shorten the product development cycle.If carrying out the rapid simulation test of the combine harvester, the test of 1 ~ 1.5 months is equivalent to 8 years in the field Life test amount.
Five, policy
The Russian government gave a number of preferential policies to the agricultural machinery industry
Since the 1990s, the severe situation of Russia's agricultural machinery industry has drawn great attention from Russian government departments. In order to curb the further decline of the agricultural machinery industry and revive the agricultural machinery industry, the Russian Ministry of Agriculture has formulated the "Russian Federation's tractor and agricultural machinery industry production plan and Its future development strategy '.
At present, the Russian government gives preferential policies on the research and production of 150 kinds of agricultural machinery products. The key enterprises of cereal and feed combine harvester products are the Tula Harvester Factory, the Krasnoyarsk Combine Harvester Factory and Rostov-on-Don Combine harvester factory; new tractor products focus on Volgograd tractor factory, Lipetsk tractor factory, Vladimir tractor factory and Altai tractor factory.
Raise the technical level and competitiveness of agricultural machinery products also caused the attention of the Russian federal government, and some new and efficient agricultural products to support the development and production.
Key products supported are the Т-250 series tractors from Altai Tractor Works, the ВТ-100 series tractors from Volgograd Tractors, the ЛТЗ-155 Trailed Cultivators from Lipetsk Tractor Factory, the ВТЗ series tractors from Vladimir Tractor Factory , Rostov combine harvesters Дон series combine harvesters, Руслан series combine harvesters at Krasnoyarsk combine harvester, Простор series combine harvesters at the Tula combine harvester.
To ensure the normal development of agricultural machinery enterprises, the Russian government promised to give more financial support from the enterprises, and help enterprises to actively seek foreign cooperation and attract foreign investment to promote the development of Russia's agricultural machinery industry.
It is reported that American Deere Company has decided to invest and build agricultural machinery in Russia's Rostov and Tagangluok City, the agreement plans to invest 200 million U.S. dollars, and will also invest 45 million U.S. dollars and 25 million U.S. dollars to establish product technologies Development Center and Product Technology Service Center. Casey decided to inject funds into St. Petersburg's tractor factory to produce tractors that will be the largest tractor factory in Russia in the future.
With the joint efforts of the Russian Federation government, agricultural machinery enterprises and experts in the agricultural machinery industry, the situation of a serious landslide in the agricultural machinery industry in Russia has been changed. The situation of the agricultural machinery industry in other CIS countries such as Kazakhstan, Belarus and Uzbekistan has also been Improvements and the export of some products to developing countries in Asia, Africa and South America have also been restored and developed.
Sixth, China-Russia agricultural machinery cooperation
2017 International Agricultural Machinery Exhibition, Russia's largest agricultural machinery company Rostselmash bring a variety of products debut
China's progress in cooperation with Russian agricultural machinery products is relatively slow.The main reason is that in the whole machine, the level of development of agricultural machinery technology in China and Russia is relatively close, the two countries are the target countries for technical cooperation in North America and Western European countries.In the field of components, Russia has some advantages in the key components of large agricultural machinery drivetrains and hydraulic systems, and China has certain advantages in electronic control systems.
After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Russia's agricultural machinery enterprises have been in full depression, the production of agricultural machinery has shrunk, the technical talents have been lost, the industry lacks appeal to young people, and most of the technical personnel we have come into contact with at the Russian National Tractor Institute are mostly old experts over 60 years of age.
Among the many tractor enterprises in the former Soviet Union, Minsk Tractor Co., Ltd., Belarus, which has a relatively stable development and enjoys a certain international reputation, has an industrial output value of about 1.5 billion U.S. dollars in recent years. Minsk Tractor Factory maintains technical cooperation with some enterprises in our country, For example, China First Trailer and the company maintained a more close technical exchange, while Hebei, Northeast China is also introducing companies to absorb the product technology.
Russian, Belarusian cereals, maize and rhizomatous crop combine harvester products are more mature, in our country there are technical cooperation enterprises Rostov Russia and Riga, Gomel Combine Harvester plant in Belarus. But these cooperation are No mature and mass-produced products are formed.
Each year our country's small and medium-sized tractors are exported to Russia and the former Soviet Union, and YTO and LAVO also export some large tractors.However, the reputation of agricultural products in China is not good in Russia due to product reliability and after-sales service. At the same time, Russia's domestic financial situation is unstable and its ability to pay is poor, affecting the export of China's products to Russia.
In the future cooperation between China and Russia in the field of agricultural machinery, we should pay attention to the following questions:
First, strong agricultural enterprises should be organized to export high-quality products and establish a more complete service network.
Second, the cooperation with Russian enterprises to develop agro-machinery products adapted to the local agricultural practices to establish joint ventures in Russia and close to market sales and service.
Third, due to the poor ability of the Russian users to pay and the imperfect credit of the banks, it is considered that barter trade should be conducted with the agricultural machinery products of our country and the mechanical products or raw materials needed by our country should be exchanged.
Fourthly, we should arrange for professionals familiar with the agricultural machinery industry in our country to exchange and study with Russian enterprises and personnel, organize exchange of staff between the two sides and establish mutual trust and stable cooperation based on mutual understanding.
Text source: Russia "Tractors and Agricultural Machinery Magazine", the Russian government official data.