Overview
With the advent of the autonomous driving car era, NXP is finding itself at the center of many discussions about standards, methodologies and design solutions. People ask: 'How do you build a self-driving car?' Is our answer.We will introduce NXP's system architecture solutions based on five domains and will show how this new architecture helps automakers control the complexity of autopilot.
table of Contents
1 Why do you want to ask us? 2 Automotive Architecture Based on Five Domains 3 Learn More about Domain-Based Automotive Architecture 4 Architecture Adhesives: Gateway and Vehicle Network Architecture 5 Basic Concepts of Domain-Based Automotive Architecture 6 More than Just an Architecture - Or a way to organize 7 new breakthroughs
NXP Ranks No. 1 in Automotive Automotive Overall Market Share of More Than 14%. 'Strategy Analytics, Inc.'
Why should we ask?
It does not seem unusual to ask a semiconductor company how to build a self-driving car, but that is understandable when you think about the importance of electronics for today's automotive architecture.
Most of the automotive industry can not be separated from car electronics innovation, the car is safer, more efficient and smarter than ever, and the semiconductor is a big player nowadays, the cars coming off the assembly line are more like robots on wheels, The high degree of electronic sophistication is largely due to semiconductor technology, and as the electronics trend continues, semiconductor companies will play an important role in vehicle design.
At NXP, we provide technical guidance and hands-on experience sharing to our customers in the automotive industry because in addition to being the premier automotive semiconductor company in the world, we are in areas traditionally associated with cars such as handling, information security and Mobile, etc., has decades of professional experience, has many innovative achievements, has a leading edge.From simply, no one company to provide us with the system-level design of the technical range and rich experience.
So when we asked how we would build a self-driving car, we would say that we have defined a clear, streamlined system design that is based on a five-domain automotive architecture.
Automotive architecture based on five major domains
The domain-based automotive architecture stems from the hard work of our automotive innovation team and the results of our years of work with industry-related parties that organize and bring into play many of the features that allow cars to sense, think, and take the place of driver action Class, while the system complexity and scalability for effective control and support.
The image above shows the various domains that make up our defined autonomous vehicle architecture. The vehicle experience, body and comfort system, and drive and drivetrain domains have been around for a long time in the vehicle architecture, while the driver replacement and connectivity domains are the newest definitions Out of the domain, respectively, associated with the functions required for autonomous driving.
Overall, the domain-based automotive architecture excels at autonomous driving while ensuring maximum functional safety and information security.
(Self-driving cars built on a domain-based car architecture are more secure and secure, and feature and functionality are easier to scale.)
Modular advantages
There are many advantages to dividing functionality into separate domains, which helps to emphasize the functional safety and network security needs of individual subsystems, simplifying the development and deployment of automation algorithms and facilitating the expansion of functionality across subsystems.
Easier to Optimize - Domain-based automotive architectures combine similar functions and differentiate them to help you determine the appropriate level of functional safety and information security goals based on the common needs of each domain - for example, in a connected domain, In the world of communications and external communications, the need to protect against external tampering is crucial when information security is of the utmost importance, while in the powertrain and powertrain domain information security is relatively immaterial as it operates away from external factors However, functional safety and reliability are even more important here because the components must still function when exposed to extreme conditions.
Easier to expand - Modular solutions make it easier to scale from baseline performance to high-end operations across domains, making it easier to create a range of features that meet a variety of market needs, for example, with infotainment capabilities User experience domain offers basic options for economy cars and more options for luxury cars Domain-based car architecture supports this scalability in all parts of the car to make it easier to create compatible and reusable independent Modules that make development more efficient and economical, and make the manufacturing process more flexible and responsive.
Learn more about domain-based automotive architecture
Connectivity:
Connectivity domain is a very important domain, contains a number of operations.It manages all the wireless interface to connect the car to the outside world.
External Connections - The connection domains are securely and seamlessly deployed and collect information from all the vehicle's external interfaces, including common interfaces for passengers and their devices such as radios, mobile phones, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) GPS interfaces, and newer interfaces closer to vehicle operation such as vehicle-to-vehicle communication (V2V) and vehicle-to-outside vehicle networking (V2X) communication.In an ideal setting, all of these external interfaces are packaged in one In the highly integrated Smart Antenna Module, interfaces can be added or subtracted more easily as needed.
Primary Requirements for Connection - ASIL Class B - Information Security - Receiving Stability - Multi-Standard Transmission Coexistence
What is an ASIL rating? The ASIL rating assigns a safety rating to the electrical and electronic systems in automotive production. The ASIL rating indicates the likelihood and severity of a specific risk occurrence. The ASIL rating is based on the aeronautic and railway industry The rating system used was developed and defined in 2011 as part of ISO Standard 26262 in the range of A to D, with A indicating the lowest risk of serious harm and D the highest risk.
The driver replaces the driver's alternative product field to allow the car's 'robot' to take over the driving mission, which provides perception and thinking capabilities and utilizes a safeguard mechanism to ensure proper operation. The driver's alternative product domain is where many cars 'intelligence' Sensors and Cameras The 'Perceptual' component includes radar, camera, laser-based LiDAR, and components for locating and detecting other environmental information. The 'Thinking' component includes environmental assessments, route planning, sensor fusion, Safety-related algorithms and more.
Better than humans - driving a car now is basically a steering wheel and a control throttle and brake pedal, but no matter how the measurement is used, the driver's alternative product area is better than our human counterparts in these operations. Drivers' surrogate products respond faster and more consistently, without being affected by human emotions, and are always at a premium. It also does not drink coffee, eat snacks, talk to other passengers, answer a phone call, or have other Distractions at work
Be able to learn - to some extent, a driver's surrogate domain can be said to be the brain of a car, and, just like the human brain, it can take advantage of new knowledge gained from experience. 'Professor' A self-driving car For example, when a self-driving car is parked in the garage at night, it can connect to the cloud and upload data accumulated during the day, which can be integrated with other vehicle data to optimize the driving algorithm.中 'car can download these new features, so that when it' s awake in the morning, you can take advantage of new features to open a whole new day.
Primary Demand for Driver Replacement Products - ASIL D-Class - Automotive Quality Certification - IntelliSense - Cost / Form Factor / Performance Balance
Drives and Powersystems This field manages the movement and speed and is the domain that moves the car.Auto-driving cars move based on information entered by a driver or driver in lieu of a product and can be based on personal preferences and environmental constraints such as road conditions Modify and optimize.
The Heart of a Car - The powertrain is the backbone of a car that has been a part of the car since its inception, whether as a conventional internal combustion engine, electric engine, or hybrid engine, the powertrain portion of this field converts raw fuel Into motivation for the car driving on the road.This part usually contains the engine, gearbox, drive shaft, axle and wheel.Power system in the working conditions are very harsh, often exposed to high temperature and almost constant vibration.
Drive more smoothly - In the automotive industry, Power represents the power and torque of mobility. The Power Powertrain section of this field provides full support for subsystems such as suspension and steering systems for stability and smooth driving. You can also Find a variety of automotive sensor technologies here, including those based on complex MEMS and MR technology.
Drive, and Vehicle Powertrain Domain - ASIL Class D - Cost / Form Factor / Performance Tradeoffs - Software Support Personalized and Scalable - Data Fusion (Automotive Sensors and Driver Inputs)
Body and Comfort System The Body and Comfort System Domain supports a few basic features that provide support for drivers and passengers as well as their preferences based on their behavior.This part of the system also generally manages passive safety mechanisms (seat belts) and access mechanisms (door locks ) And other functions.
Adaptive Environment - Features you like to set up in your car - a seat-specific location, a mirror-specific location, a suitable air-conditioning temperature - can be adjusted automatically each time you use a car, Traditional automotive electronic devices, such as window controls and seat adjusters, are often converted into software operations for easy management and modification.
External and internal lighting - Sensors, microcontrollers and new lighting technologies work together to create intelligent lighting features that enhance safety and meet individual preferences. For exterior lighting, the headlights can be adjusted automatically according to the weather or the upcoming traffic conditions For interior lighting, the interior is designed with programmable zones to allow passengers to sleep, read or watch videos, and the dashboard settings can be automatically adjusted to suit the day or the car's occupants.
Top priority for body and comfort systems - scalable - less maintenance - energy-efficient - monitoring and learning capabilities
Car experience this field allows cars to meet everyone's car entertainment experience, enhance the sense of well-being.
Mobile Living Room - An in-vehicle experience area that basically replicates the same experience as you live in. It is seamlessly accessible and allows you to create and manage your digital content. And this smart learning environment can be based on your preferences The domain should have flexible and easy-to-upgrade software that ensures it can be accessed from any existing hardware infrastructure, along with an advanced, accessible Human-Machine Interface (HMI) that supports voice commands, Gestures, augmented reality, and advanced customization features.
Top Requirements for In-Vehicle Experience Domains - Over-The-Air (OTA) Updates - Monitoring and Learning Capabilities - Software Scalability / Flexibility for Content Access - Advanced Human Machine Interface
Architectural adhesives: gateways and car networks
Domain-based automotive architectures can be interconnected through a complex communications network that allows individual domains to operate with tandem and shared information.As an adhesive that aggregates domains across the fabric, the internal network ensures that data is secured in the right bandwidth Reliable way to share.The internal network uses many of the same technologies in today's state-of-the-art IT, including Ethernet connectivity and security gateways.
Internal Connections - In-Vehicle Network (IVN), which includes a variety of traditional automotive technologies such as CAN, LIN and FlexRay, and Ethernet for secure connection to domains IVN enables domains to share relevant information and synergy with in-vehicle gateways to ensure Correct distribution of car data.
Car Gateway - Car Gateway stores information in the car and protects it from external and external attacks. The gateway is used to secure the subsystem (build a firewall) and isolate the various subsystems from accidental interaction. In this way, the security key Type system can be isolated from other systems, such as infotainment systems, and the gateway ensures that large amounts of data used by each domain can be transmitted efficiently and reliably.
Primary Requirements for Gateways and In-Vehicle Networks - ASIL Class D - Information Security - Receiving Stability - Low Electromagnetic Radiation - Multiple Standard Transmission Coexistence
The basic concept of domain-based automotive architecture
As part of our definition of a domain-based automotive architecture, we highlight the importance of three basic concepts that guide decision-making throughout the development process.
Simplicity - Autopilot vehicles are extremely complex systems and the complexity of software and inter-connectivity is on the increase, and we try to minimize this complexity by simplifying the sensor network, improving security and limiting software overhead. Simplify and streamline the design process wherever possible, so everyone can save time, speed time to market, and minimize risk.
Reusable - We strongly recommend using reusable design principles and we are committed to using the same modules in every car domain to make it easier to add or cut features, and to make it easier when new technologies emerge Design iterations. Specifically, our family of microcontrollers uses the same architecture and software platform to support design reuse. Whether you are developing a radar system, a brake electronic control unit (ECU), or a car gateway , Using our single-chip microcontroller architecture means you can use the same basic microcontroller hardware and design with a similar toolset, peripheral IP driver library, and software code.
Scalability - As automotive companies produce millions of cars each year and dozens of different models at each model level, there is significant pressure to keep up with market-ready responsiveness and cost control. Design and manufacturing processes need to be implemented The rapid expansion of performance and capacity with flexibility is the key, which means that the components we provide are easy to configure and provide a range of capabilities in a single package size. Our scalable designs are designed for simplicity and recuperation Use principles to focus on the needs of car manufacturers to help them stay agile.
Not just an architecture - it's an organizational approach
Domain-based automotive architecture is not only a logical way to break down and break down and reorganize hardware and software components related to vehicle design, but also a way for design teams to organize themselves. At NXP we use a variety of Domain to guide the internal structure, which helps us focus, professionalize and more easily facilitate the collaboration needed to stimulate innovation and cross-border technology cooperation.
Achieve a new breakthrough
To learn more about how we are prepared for the future of autonomous vehicles, visit www.nxp.com/automotive